Question

combinatioal & sequential circuits in computer application

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Answer 1

Combinational and Sequential Circuits

A Digital logic (or Switching) circuit has voltage levels to be switched from one value to another but has a finite number of distinct values (generally 0 for false and 1 for true). These circuits operate a definite set of logic rules so it is also known as Logic circuits. These are basic circuits which are used in computers, mobile phones, calculators, etc.

Types of Logic Circuits:
There are two types of Digital circuits depends on their output and memory used:

(i) Combinational circuit
(ii) Sequential circuit 

A combinational circuit consists of logic gates whose outputs at any time are determined from only the present combination of inputs and they have no memory. A sequential circuit consists of logic gates whose outputs at any time are determined from both the present combination of inputs and previous output. That means sequential circuits use memory elements to store the value of previous output.

1. Combinational Circuits:

These circuits developed using AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and NOR logic gates. These logic gates are building blocks of combinational circuits. A combinational circuit consists of input variables and output variables. Since these circuits are not dependent upon previous input to generate any output, so are combinational logic circuits. A combinational circuit can have an n number of inputs and m number of outputs. In combinational circuits, the output at any time is a direct function of the applied external inputs.

2. Sequential circuits:
A sequential circuit is specified by a time sequence of inputs, outputs, and internal states. The output of a sequential circuit depends not only on the combination of present inputs but also on the previous outputs. Unlike combinational circuits, sequential circuits include memory elements with combinational circuits.

• The memory elements are circuits capable of storing binary information.
• The binary information stored in these memory elements at any given time defines the state of the sequential circuit at that time.
• The external output of a sequential circuit depends both on the present input and previous output state.
• The next state of the memory elements also depends on the external input and present state of the external output.
• Some sequential circuits may not contain combinational circuits, but only memory elements.

Generally, there are two types of storage elements used: Latches, and Flip-Flops. Storage elements that operate with signal levels are referred to as latches; those controlled by a clock transition are flip-flops.

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