Question

need to know a,b,c,d

A. what are the major functions of the respiratory system? make a list and fully describe each function.

B. compare and contrast the functions of the upper respiratory tract with thise of the lower respiratory tract.

C. dicuss the physical forces that allow for air movement into and out of the lungs.

D. break down the respiratory zone beginning with a terminal bronchiole to the alveolar duct and alveolar sacs

Answer 1

A. Besides helping you to inhale and exhale, the respiratory system does two very important things: it brings oxygen into our bodies, which we need for our cells to live and function properly; and it helps us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular function. In addition to this respiratory system helps in the production of sound or helps you to talk, air vibrating in the vocal chord is responsible for creating sound.The respiratory system also helps us to smell, also known as olfaction, The process of olfaction begins with olfactory fibers that line the nasal cavities inside the nose and the signals are send to brain, where the perception of smell takes place. Respiratory system also provides, Protection from dust and microbes entering body through mucus production, cilia, and coughing.

B. The major passages and structures of the upper respiratory tract include the nose or nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, throat (pharynx), and voice box (larynx). The upper respiratory tract, can refer to the parts of the respiratory system lying above the sternal angle, above vocal cords. This is involved in production of sound and perception of smell. Upper respiratory tract organs provide a route for air to move between the outside atmosphere and the lungs. They also clean, humidity, and warm the incoming air. However, no gas exchange occurs in these organs.

The major passages and structures of the lower respiratory tract include the windpipe (trachea) and within the lungs, the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.The lower respiratory tract or lower airway is derived from the developing foregut. It is mainly involved in exchange of gases.The trachea and other passages of the lower respiratory tract conduct air between the upper respiratory tract and the lungs.

C.The major mechanisms that allow for movement of air are atmospheric pressure, the air pressure within the alveoli, called alveolar pressure and the pressure within the pleural cavity, called intrapleural pressure. Inspiration (or inhalation) and expiration (or exhalation) are dependent on the differences in pressure between the atmosphere and the lungs. During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, causing the rib cage to expand and move outward, and expanding the thoracic cavity and lung volume. This creates a lower pressure within the lung than that of the atmosphere, causing air to be drawn into the lungs.During expiration, the diaphragm and intercostals relax, causing the thorax and lungs to recoil. The air pressure within the lungs increases to above the pressure of the atmosphere, causing air to be forced out of the lungs.

D) Respiratory zone is found deep inside the lungs and is made up of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. These thin-walled structures allow inhaled oxygen to diffuse into the lung capillaries in exchange for carbon dioxide

Primary bronchioles that divide into terminal bronchioles, each of which then gives rise to several respiratory bronchioles,  which go on to divide into two to 11 alveolar ducts.and there are five or six alveolar sacs associated with each alveolar duct. The alveolus is the smallest anatomical unit of the lung.