Question

Appraise what new statistical methods are used in the evaluation of conceptual theories outlining specific advantages these methods provide. Compare Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques providing advantages of using SEM to other conventional methods outlining some of the various statistical techniques that SEM is able to perform. Evaluate sampling techniques used to conduct hypothetical studies and asses the benefits of each sampling method based on best fit to application. Critique validity and reliability methods for appropriate constructs and compare advantages and disadvantages of each method describing what methods to use with different operational techniques. Compare and evaluate factor analysis for confirmatory versus exploratory methods and assess when each is appropriate proving examples and application usages. Assess the differences of various regression analysis methods and demonstrate by examples what regression methods are most appropriate for different application. Finally discuss and recommend best statistical techniques and methods to operationally use for means comparisons, non parametric evaluation, bivariate correlation, ANOVAs, Chi Square, regression, and other techniques as appropriate. Assess the overall concept of statistical power, why it has import to statistical evaluations, and what SPSS contributes to statistical analysis in today’s research.

Answer 1

ANSWER:-

Structural Equation modeling(SEM):

It is a general,chiefly direct mainly cross-sectional factual demonstrating strategy. SEM to decide if a specific mode is valid,rather than utilizing .SEM to locate a reasonable model in spite of the fact that SEM investigations frequently include a specific exploratory component. A basic condition show suggests a structure of the co fluctuation grid of the measures.

once the model's parameters have been assessed.the subsequent model co-fluctuation framework can be contrasted with an emperical or information based co-variance matrix.if the two grids are comprise with each other.
In SEM intrigue as a rule centers around idle builds - abstracts physicological factors like "intillegence" or "state of mind towards the brand"- - as opposed to on the show factors used to quantify the develops measurements perceived as difficult and blunder telephone.
By explicity displaying estimation error, SEM clients look to determine impartial evaluations for the connection between the inert builds.To this end, SEM enables different measures to be assosiated with a solitary dormant build.
Contrasted with relapse and factor investigation, SEM is a moderately youthful field, having its underlying foundations in papers that seemed just in the late 1960 s.
In that capacity the approach is as yet creating and even key ideas subject to test and modification.This quick change is a wellspring of excitement for some researchers and a wellspring of disappointment for others

Decision trees:

Decision trees are various leveled structures of choice decides that portray contrasts in a results as for watched accommodations. Expect that for each subject, a watched clear cut result y and a vector of accommodations x were gathered. A choice tree alludes to a recursive parcel of the comforts space that is related with critical contrasts in the result variable.

Numerical parameter estimation: parameter estimation in SEM requires the arrangement of an advancement issue. regularly the arrangement is found by one of numerous numerical advancement techniques.

given an arrangement of beginning qualities, the strategy will iteratively enhance the gauge until the point that the objective capacity, for example, the probability work esteem, will combine. at times, union isn't come to, for instance if beginning qualities are picked far from the obscure populace esteems.

building a SEM tree requires countless fits and issues in some model fits are probably going to happen.

the SEM tree calculation passes on parameter appraisals of a hub as beginning qualities for submodels while assessing parts. on the off chance that the model does not assembly , the first beginning qualities can be utilized.

on the off chance that this still flops, either the potential split is dis reviewed or another arrangement of beginning qualities must be produced by an alternate estimation technique, for example, by a slightest - squares appraise. non-uniting models are set apart amid the tree developing procedure.

Parameter limitations: a specific quality of SEM is the likelihood of mathematical confinements on models. the probability proportion test offers factual intends to essentially dismiss confinements if the inspected information negate them. frequently limitations in SEM incorporate either confining a parameter to zero or confining an arrangement of parameters to be equivalent, henceforth, critical estimations of the separate test measurements show that motel the primary case the parameter is genuinely not quite the same as zero or in the second case the picked parameters are really not the same as each other. confinements on SEM trees help to test speculation, mirroring the substantive inquiries of the specialist.

in the accompanying section , we finish up two sorts of limitations crosswise over models in the tree:

• (1) a worldwide limitation requires a parameter from the format model to be the same over all models in the tree. because of the eager idea of the calculation, this can be accomplished just if values for the picked parameters are assessed once on the full informational index and viewed as settled for every single resulting model.
• (2) a neighborhood confinement requires a parameter to be an equivalent on all models whose hubs have a similar dad hub just amid split assessment. this can be thought of as parameter uniformity limitation crosswise over models in a multi assemble settings. this thought in the long run to veering estimations of the limited parameter in the leaf models.

variable spllts under invariance assumptlons:

a generally utilized class of SEM are factor models that characterize relations between estimated about inert factorand watched scores. in connected physicological look into theory about factor-investigative structure are frequently tried over different groups.multi-aggregate factor models are basically spoken to by replications of a layout show for each gathering where by free parameters are one of a kind with in each gathering.

parameter compels can't just be set with in gatherings yet additionally acress groups.this permits testing speculation wheather parts of the model are in deeded rise to crosswise over gatherings are essentially vary from each other. estimation invariance is generally tried through a grouping of theory tests. frequently four settled ideas are utilized.

how ever we definetly gain learning about our informational collection from unreservedly evaluating all parameters. this would compare to an exploratory hunt anticipating the maximaldifference amongst submodels and thereforesubsumes covarities that maximally break the invariance suspicions.

Cross- sectional variation:Cross-sectional variety is the over the respondents who are a piece of an exploration consider.

SEM is intended to take a gander at complex connections amongst factors, and to decrease the connections to visual portrayals. an examination configuration can be depicted as far as the plan structure and the estimations that are led in the exploration. these basic and estimation connections are the fundamental for a theory.

furthermore, when utilizing SEM the examination sdesign can be displayed be PC. the connections that are shown in SEM displaying are dictated by information orchestrated in a grid. SEM utilizes cross_sectional variety to do the demonstrating that yields the ends.