Question

1. Describe the levels of cellular organization and state the four major types of cells and tissues.

2. List the organ systems of the body and give one-sentence descriptions of their functions.

3. Name the two fluids that constitute the extracellular fluid. What are their relative proportions in the body?

4. What is one way in which the composition of intracellular and extracellular fluids differ?

5. Describe several important generalizations about homeostatic control systems, including the difference between steady state and equilibrium.

6. Contrastfeedforward,positivefeedback,andnegativefeedback.

7. List the components of a reflex arc.

8. What is the basic difference between a local homeostatic response

   and a reflex?

9. List the general categories of intercellular messengers and briefly

   describe how they differ.

10. Describe the conditions under which acclimatization occurs. Are

    acclimatizations passed on to a person’s offspring?

11. Define circadian rhythm. Under what conditions do circadian

    rhythms become free running?

12. How do phase shifts occur?

13. What is the most important environmental cue for entrainment of

    circadian rhythms?

14. Draw a figure illustrating the balance concept in homeostasis.

15. Make and keep a list of the general principles of physiology. See if

    you can explain what is meant by each principle. To really see how well you’ve learned physiology at the end of your course, remember to return to the list you’ve made and try this exercise again at that time giving as many examples of each principle as you can.

Answer 1

• Describe the levels of cellular organization and state the four major types of cells and tissues.

Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. Levels of cellular organisms are : cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, and organisms.Though there are many types of cells in human body, four major types of cells and tissues are: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.

• List the organ systems of the body and give one-sentence descriptions of their functions.

The 11 organ systems of the body are:

1. Integumentary - Lines the body and protects internal organs against external environment.
2. Muscular- Helps in locomotion. Most of the organs are muscular and function based on muscle contraction.
3. Skeletal - Bony structure of the body. It gives the shape and strength to the body.
4. Nervous - It interconnects all the organ system by conducting nerve impulses. Transduction of nerve impulse is the basis for homeostasis.
5. Circulatory - Mainly composed of blood , blood cells and blood proteins. Blood is the carrier for oxygen and nutrients which has to be supplied to all parts of the body.
6. Lymphatic - Back bone of immune system. Carries WBC to fight against infection.
7. Respiratory- Exchange of gases occurs by respiration which is the basis for survival.
8. Endocrine - Hormones compose endocrine system which is the chemical messenger for all the instructions and coordinations of organ systems.
9. Urinary/excretory - Vital for fluid balance and removal of digestive wastes which is poisonous for human body.
10. Rreproductive - By which the population grows. Male and femal gametes fuse together to form a new organism that shares both maternal and paternal genes.
11. Digestive - through which the food is converted to nutrients that can be utilized.

• Name the two fluids that constitute the extracellular fluid. What are their relative proportions in the body?

The major fluid consituents of ECF are interstitial fluid and blood plasma. ECF occupies 20% of total body weight. Interstitial space is approximately 12% of body weight whereas plasma occupies only 5% of body weight.

• What is one way in which the composition of intracellular and extracellular fluids differ?

Intracellular proteins majorly constitute of proteins and amino acids whereas the extracellular fluid predominates in ionic composition. ECF proteins are negligible and present in plasma.