Question

QUESTION 1
1.   We can solve memory leaks with
       some form of garbage collection such as mark-sweep or reference counters
       some form of garbage collection such as tombstones or lock-and-keys
       using a tombstone or mark-sweep approach to the dangling pointer problem
       using a tombstone or lock and keys approach to the dangling pointer problem
QUESTION 2
1.   Pointers (and/or reference) types are necessary in modern programming languages because
       they provide the means to access and manipulate dynamic storage
       they aid readability and reliabilty
       otherwise everyone would be able to program
       they are easy to use and easy to get right
QUESTION 3
1.   What collection-type data type is most useful with data values that are heterogeneous and may be processed differently?
       associative arrays
       arrays
       hashes
       record data types
QUESTION 4
1.   Booleans are NOT stored as a single bit because
       a single bit cannot be accessed efficiently on many machines
       simpler for the programmer to use a byte rather than a bit
       simpler for the compiler writer to use a byte rather than a bit
       space efficiency is better when using bytes
QUESTION 5
1.   Why is decimal a preferred type in financial calculations?
       financial firms have lots of money and wanted their own type
       decimal is a simpler encoding
       decimal encodes exact amounts whereas float and double are approximations
       it's a smaller format

Answer 1

In case of any queries, please revert back.

QUESTION 1 :- We can solve memory leaks with
A.) Some form of garbage collection such as mark-sweep or reference counters [mark and sweep are effective but not for memory leaks]
B.) Some form of garbage collection such as tombstones or lock-and-keys [These are the most common ways to solve memory errors such as memory leaks. In Tombstone,A copy of Memory Stack is kept safe. Hwever they take extra memory.]
C.) Using a tombstone or mark-sweep approach to the dangling pointer problem[mark and sweep are effective but not for memory leaks.]
d. ) Using a tombstone or lock and keys approach to the dangling pointer problem [ANSWER: Smart pointers are often used along with these to solve the problem of memories like memory allocation.]

QUESTION 2 :- Pointers (and/or reference) types are necessary in modern programming languages because
A.)  they provide the means to access and manipulate dynamic storage [ANSWER : This is because main function of pointers is to provide the handling of control of memory to the users.]
B.) they aid readability and reliabilty[They dont aid readability at all]
C.) otherwise everyone would be able to program [Silly Option!]
D) they are easy to use and easy to get right[Pointers add an unnecessary overhead and complication. So, this is not right.]

QUESTION 3 :- What collection-type data type is most useful with data values that are heterogeneous and may be processed differently?
A.) associative arrays [This is a type of Map and stores relation of one data type to other]
B.) arrays[They store all the elements of the same datatype and so are homogeneous]
C.) hashes [Calculated hash codes for the same data type.]
D.) record data types [ANSWER : Can possess different types of data in the same memory location]

QUESTION 4 :- Booleans are NOT stored as a single bit because
A.) a single bit cannot be accessed efficiently on many machines[ANSWER : Byte is often the smallest unit which can be represented by address in memory. Bits cannot be shown in memory and so Booleans are not stored in a single bit.]
B.) simpler for the programmer to use a byte rather than a bit[No, this is a silly option]
C.) simpler for the compiler writer to use a byte rather than a bit [A compiler can process both easily. Main problem is memory allocation ]
D.) space efficiency is better when using bytes[Of course space efficieny is better with bits with lower size]

QUESTION 5 :- Why is decimal a preferred type in financial calculations?
A.) financial firms have lots of money and wanted their own type[Silly Option]
B.) decimal is a simpler encoding [No, encoding of decimal is NOT simple]
C.) decimal encodes exact amounts whereas float and double are approximations [ANSWER : This is the correct option as financial calculations needed precision levels which were not received by fload and double.]
D.) it's a smaller format[No, it is NOT a smaller format than float and doubles relativelty]