Question

Different types of the nervous system are involved in neural regulation, including somatic motor, somatic sensory, automatic sympathetic, and autonomic parasympathetic nervous system. Describe one organ that uses at least two of the aforementioned nervous systems to regulate its functions.

Name the organ (1pt)

Name the functions to be regulated (2pt)

Name at least two of the nervous systems involved (1pt)

Describe how each of the nervous systems regulates the organ's function (3pts)

Answer 1

Most of the organs have dual innervation of nervous system by Autonomous nervous system.One of organ is Heart .It pumps the blood to the body organs .Its heart rate and contractility are regulated by the Autonomic nervous system.It has two innervation (i) Parasympathetic innervation (ii) Sympathetic innervation.

Parasympathetic regulation of Heart rate

• It releases Acetylcholine at the SA node on cardiac muscle .AcH binds to its Muscarinic receptor and activate the G-Protein which ,Activated G protein open the K+channels and K+ efflux takes place.Thus contractility of heart decreases and heart rate decreases.

Sympathetic regulation of heart rate:

• It releases Norepinephrine at the Beta receptors present on the cardiac muscle.Beta recetor associated G-Protein get activated and form Protein kinase which open the Calcium channels ,Influx of Ca2+ takes places,as the membrane potential increases,contractibility of heart increases and thus Heart rate increases.