Question

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Describe the mechanism of glucose absorption in the small intestine.

What organ is physically responsible for creating force that acts to decrease the thoracic volume during expiration?

Tissues are selfish. Active tissues try to grab as much oxygen as possible.  Thus, they release substances that trigger relaxation of precapillary sphincters in order to increase blood flow through the tissue, and decrease affinity of Hb to Oxygen, so that Hb would release more Oxygen molecules. Name two substances released by active tissue that are simultaneously responsible for both mechanisms.

Answer 1

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Ans no 1 : Glucose absorption occurs in small intestine by sodium glucose co transport mechanism . In body, carbohydrate digestion occurs in various levels starting from mouth .When it comes to intestine, the carbohydrate has already broken into monosaccharides like glucose ,fructose and galactose .In these 80% is glucose .There are absorptive cells in small intestines for glucose . There are two steps in this process . first Intracellular sodium is transported to interstitial fluid ,this causes loss of sodium ion concentration inside the cell .secondly this results in facilitated diffusion of sodium ions int the cell with the help of transport protein . This protein has the capability to transport glucose along with sodium ions .By this process glucose enter through basal and lateral membrane of the cell into the interstitial fluid and from there into the blood.

Ans no 2: diaphragm and ribs

Ans no 3 : tissue determine the local blood flow by two mechanisms vasodilator theory and oxygen lack theory . According of vasodilator theory when the metabolism is high or oxygen availability is less to the tissue ,it lead to formation of vasodilator substance in the tissue . Major local vasodilators are adenosine ,CO2 , lactic acid ,ADP compound , histamine , nitrous acid .potassium ions .In oxygen lack theory the absence of oxygen causes blood vessels to relax therefore pre capillary sphincter open and close according to tissue need.