Question

For each of the following, describe how to make the products from
the reactants using only metabolic pathways:

Triacylglyceride ? Oxaloacetate
Alanine ? Glycogen
Aspargine ? Glutamate need transamination
Glucose ? Palmitic Acid

Answer 1

1. Triacylglyceride

Three main pathways for triacylglycerol biosynthesis are known, the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate pathways, which predominates in liver and adipose tissue, and a monoacylglycerol pathway in the intestines.

2. Oxaloacetate is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle, where it reacts with acetyl-CoA to form citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase. It is also involved in gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis. Oxaloacetate is also a potent inhibitor of complex II.

3. Alanine

Alanine is produced by reductive amination of pyruvate, a two-step process. Because transamination reactions are readily reversible and pyruvate is present in all cells, alanine can be easily formed and thus has close links to metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citric acid cycle.

4. Glycogen

Glycogen degradation consists of three steps: (1) the release of glucose 1-phosphate from glycogen, (2) the remodeling of the glycogen substrate to permit further degradation, and (3) the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate into glucose 6-phosphate for further metabolism

5. Aspargine

Schematic pathways of asparagine metabolic pathways. Ammonium is assimilated into the glutamine-amide group by the reaction of glutamine synthetase (GS). Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) transfers the amide group of glutamine to the 2-position of 2-oxoglutarate, producing two molecules of glutamate

6. Glutamate

Glutamate is commonly produced through two pathways, both of which result in the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate, a citric acid cycle intermediate, to glutamate. One route is the reductive amination of 2-oxoglutarate with ammonium as the nitrogen donor via glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).

7. Glucose

most important metabolic pathways are: glycolysis - glucose oxidation in order to obtain ATP. citric acid cycle (Krebs' cycle) - acetyl-CoA oxidation in order to obtain GTP and valuable intermediates. oxidative phosphorylation - disposal of the electrons released by glycolysis and citric acid cycle.

8. Palmitic acid

FA synthesis starts with citrate conversion to acetyl-CoA and then malonyl-CoA, which is then elongated to form palmitate and other FA. Key enzymes in this process are acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which catalyzes the DNL limiting step reaction, and the FA synthase (FAS).