Question

All of these are fill in the blank.

1. Solutes that can cross the membrane will move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. This movement is termed______.

2. Maintenance fluids are the amount of fluid required to replace normal body loss on a 24 hour basis. It is divided in to 2 components; sensible and insensible. Sensible losses
are from ________. This value is easily measured.

3. Normal sensible loss is calculated at _____ mL/kg/day or ______ml/kg/hr.

4. Insensible losses are: _________, _________, and _______ predominatly. These account for _______ml/kg/day or _______ml/kg/hr.

5. The average maintenance fluid replacement used in many practices is ______ ml/kg/day in small animals. Horsed typically get an average of ______ ml/kg/day.

6. Thin animals may appear to have ____ deficit and obese animals a ____ deficit than is actually present.

7. The test should be performed over the ______area of the body to decrease inaccuracy.

8. Volume overload ( administration of large volume fluids too rapidly) can be monitored using___________.

9. The maximum concentration of dextrose that should be administered SQ is _____%.

10. Enteral fluids are often given by _____ tube to large animal patients.

9. A _________ can be used in small patients to prevent overhydration and is also in administration of constant rate infusion drugs. These generally hold 100-150 ml in fluid.

10. The ______would connect the fluid bag to thr patients catheter.

11. Isotonic crystalloids may affect on acid-base balance. 0.9% NACl is ________ while balanced electrolyte solutions such as plasmalyte, normosol and lactated ringers solution are _______.

Need help with medical mathamatics and also these questions are Veternarian class questions. I need questions by March the 22nd. Thanks

Answer 1

1.

Solutes that can cross the membrane will move from an area of high concentration to low concentration. This movement is termed as Diffusion.

explanation:

· Substances diffuse according to their concentration gradient within a system, different substances in the medium will each diffuse at different rates according to their individual gradients.

· After a substance has diffused completely through a space, removing its concentration gradient, molecules will still move around in the space, but there will be no net movement of the number of molecules from one area to another, a state known as dynamic equilibrium.

· Diffusion is a passive process of transport. A single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across a space.

Example of diffusion of substances through the air.

1.opening a bottle of ammonia in a room filled with people.

The ammonia gas is at its highest concentration in the bottle; its lowest concentration is at the edges of the room. The ammonia vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the bottle; gradually, more and more people will smell the ammonia as it spreads. Materials move within the cell ‘s cytosol by diffusion, and certain materials move through the plasma membrane by diffusion. Diffusion expends no energy. On the contrary, concentration gradients are a form of potential energy, dissipated as the gradient is eliminated.

Each separate substance in a medium, such as the extracellular fluid, has its own concentration gradient independent of the concentration gradients of other materials. In addition, each substance will diffuse according to that gradient. Within a system, there will be different rates of diffusion of the different substances in the medium.

Factors That Affect Diffusion

· Extent of the concentration gradient: The greater the difference in concentration, the more rapid the diffusion. The closer the distribution of the material gets to equilibrium, the slower the rate of diffusion becomes.

· Mass of the molecules diffusing: Heavier molecules move more slowly; therefore, they diffuse more slowly. The reverse is true for lighter molecules.

· Temperature: Higher temperatures increase the energy and therefore the movement of the molecules, increasing the rate of diffusion. Lower temperatures decrease the energy of the molecules, thus decreasing the rate of diffusion.

· Solvent density: As the density of a solvent increases, the rate of diffusion decreases.

· Solubility: nonpolar or lipid-soluble materials pass through plasma membranes more easily than polar materials, allowing a faster rate of diffusion.

· Surface area and thickness of the plasma membrane: Increased surface area increases the rate of diffusion, whereas a thicker membrane reduces it.

· Distance travelled: The greater the distance that a substance must travel, the slower the rate of diffusion.