describe how Phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism influences/affects renal and hepatic elimination of a drug

Solutions

Expert Solution

Phase 1 metabolism involves chemical reactions such as oxidation (most common), reduction and hydrolysis. There are three possible results of phase 1 metabolism.

The drug becomes completely inactive. In other words, the metabolites are pharmacologically inactive.

One or more of the metabolites are pharmacologically active, but less so than the original drug.

The original substance is not pharmacologically active, but one of its metabolites is. The original substance is called a prodrug.

OXIDATION

REDUCTION

HYDROLYSIS

Phase 2 metabolism involves reactions that chemically change the drug or phase 1 metabolites into compounds that are soluble enough to be excreted in urine. In these reactions, the molecule drug or metabolite) is attached to an ionisable grouping. This is called conjugation and the product is called a conjugate. Metabolites formed in phase 2 are unlikely to be pharmacologically active. .

CONJUGATION

Sydney Mullin answered 9 months ago

Next > < Previous

Related Solutions

describe how phase I and phase II metabolism influence/affect i) renal and ii) hepatic elimination of...

describe how phase I and phase II metabolism influence/affect i) renal and ii) hepatic elimination of a drug? Answers must be detailed and complete sentences.

what are the processes and organs involved in drug metabolism and elimination?

How would the following conditions, or patient populations, affect drug dosing: Renal dyfunction Hepatic dysfunction Obesity...

How would the following conditions, or patient populations, affect drug dosing: Renal dyfunction Hepatic dysfunction Obesity Pediatrics Geriatrics

Describe how cell metabolism affects the processing of a pear as it moves through the process...

Describe how cell metabolism affects the processing of a pear as it moves through the process of cellular respiration. Be sure to list each step of cellular respiration and account for the energy released from the pear at each step.

Describe how the water potential in the gas phase of the air surrounding a plant influences...

Describe how the water potential in the gas phase of the air surrounding a plant influences xylem transport. What is the primary means by which a plant can control this interaction?

1. Describe the process of urination or micturition. 2. What is renal clearance? How do the...

1. Describe the process of urination or micturition. 2. What is renal clearance? How do the values of renal clearance indicate absorption, secretion, or neither of a substance? 3. Name the 3 systems used to regulate pH.

Describe the associations among intestinal absorption, renal elimination, bone stores, and the functions of vitamin D...

Describe the associations among intestinal absorption, renal elimination, bone stores, and the functions of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in regulating calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels.

9. Describe the associations among intestinal absorption, renal elimination, bone stores, and the functions of vitamin...

9. Describe the associations among intestinal absorption, renal elimination, bone stores, and the functions of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in regulating calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels.

1. Describe the difference between drug dependence and drug tolerance; 2. Describe how withdrawal symptoms can...

1. Describe the difference between drug dependence and drug tolerance; 2. Describe how withdrawal symptoms can be avoided; 3. What assessment findings would be expected in a patient who has stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system or who uses sympathomimetic (adrenergic) drugs? 4. Order: loxapine (Loxitane) 75 mg, IM, daily Available: loxapine (Loxitane) 50 mg/1 ML How many milliliters (ML) will the patient receive?

1. Describe the significance of phase 4 in the process of new drug approval. What is...

1. Describe the significance of phase 4 in the process of new drug approval. What is a goal of postmarketing surveillance (PMS) in a new drug approval process?

Subjects