Question

1.

The masses should be stated in both grams and in amu units. Explain the origin of the amu. Describe various atomic models noting the timeline for each model, including contributions (discovery/philosophy) made by Aristotle, Democritus, Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, Chadwick, and Bohr. Explain how Rutherford’s gold foil experiment was conducted. What did (would) Isaac Newton think about the “modern” atomic structure?

2.

Electron configurations, especially valence electrons, are useful for understanding how an atom bonds with other atoms to make compounds. Provide an electron configuration for your favorite transition metal.   Explain how the periodic table is set up to make “seeing” valence electrons easier. Describe the terms ionization energy and atomic radius. How are they related to each other? Explain the shapes of the s, p, d, and f orbitals and the difference between an orbit and an orbital.

3.

Although the original definition of an atoms, was that they were indivisible (uncuttable) and that all atoms of the same element were identical, not all atoms of an element are not all the same and atoms can not be split. Describe any element that exists as a mixture of isotopes and how the atoms of that element are different. Differentiate the terms isotope and nuclide. Describe how atoms can be split.

4

Define the photoelectric effect and describe how Planck and Einstein contributed

5

Determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in an atom of sodium and an ion of sodium with a 1+ charge. Which is more stable? Why? Determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in an atom of oxygen and an ion of oxygen with a 2- charge. Which is more stable? Why? Explain why the most common compound of Sodium (Na) and Oxygen (O) is Na₂O.

6

Write the formula of the product for and show a balanced chemical (use symbols) equation for the reaction of:

Sodium and chlorine yields ?

Magnesium and oxygen yields ?

Iron and oxygen producing ferric oxide (iron III oxide)

Methane and oxygen yielding carbon dioxide and water.

Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide yields ?

Answer 1

An answer to question 6, as it belongs to chemistry, initial questions have roots in physics as most deal with physicist and philosopher lives.

Chemical reactions and formula for products.

1. Sodium and chlorine

2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) ----> 2NaCl (s) natural salt

2. Magnesium and oxygen yields magnesium oxide

Mg2 (s) + O2 (g) ----> 2MgO (s)

3. Iron and oxygen producing ferric oxide (iron III oxide)

Fe2 (s) + O2 (g) ----> Fe2O3

4. Methane and oxygen yielding carbon dioxide and water.

CH4 (methane) + O2 ----> CO2 (carbon dioxide) + H2O (water)

5. Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide yields ?

H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) + NaOH (sodium hydroxide) ----> Na2SO4 + H2O

NaSO4 is sodium sulfate