Question

1.Under what conditions will menopause evolve?

2.Describe the three predator functional responses and the causes for the patterns observed

3.Where in British Columbia will experience adiabatic cooling and what are the consequences

4.In haplodiploid species (ants, bees and wasps) why are brothers 0.5 related to their sisters and 100% (1.0) related to their mothers, while sisters are 0.75 related to their sisters and 0.5 related to their mothers

5. Lotka-volterra competition model

Species 1, what is α

Species 2, what is β

Answer 1

(1) Evolutionary biologists classify theories of menopause as either: 1) adaptive, suggesting that female reproductive cessation results from its selective advantage, in that the increased risk of personal reproduction late in life makes it biologically more advantageous to rechannel reproductive energy .

(2) functional responses are generally classified into three types

Type I

Type I functional response assumes a linear increase in intake rate with food density, either for all food densities, or only for food densities up to a maximum, beyond which the intake rate is constant.

Type II

Type II functional response is characterized by a decelerating intake rate, which follows from the assumption that the consumer is limited by its capacity to process food. Type II functional response is often modeled by a rectangular hyperbola, for instance as by Holling's disc equation,[2] which assumes that processing of food and searching for food are mutually exclusive behaviors. The equation is

example with wolves and caribou, as the number of caribou increases while holding wolves constant, the number of caribou kills increases and then levels off.

Type III

Type III functional response is similar to type II in that at high levels of prey density, saturation occurs. At low prey density levels, the graphical relationship of number of prey consumed and the density of the prey population is a more than linearly increasing function of prey consumed by predators. This accelerating function is largely descriptive, and often justified by learning time, prey switching, or a combination of both phenomena, but the type III functional response lacks the rigorous theoretical underpinning of the type II functional response.

(3)

As the air rises up over a mountain range, the air cools, water vapor condenses, and clouds form. On this side of the mountains, called the windward side, precipitation falls in the form of rain or snow. The windward side of a mountain range is moist and lush because of this precipitation