Question

Table 4: Regression results for missed fifth shot of the last shooting bout

I II III IV V

? -2.308*** -1.641*** -1.861*** -1.995*** -1.981***

(0.196) (0.286) (0.315) (0.316) (0.316)

lane 1.667*** 1.642*** 1.789*** 1.849*** 1.960***

(0.235) (0.236) (0.242) (0.240) (0.247)

shtime 1.304*** 1.092** 1.074** 1.193***

(0.407) (0.435) (0.431) (0.434)

wind3 0.170*** 0.173*** 0.183***

(0.040) (0.039) (0.041)

pursuit 0.044 0.032 0.042

(0.088) (0.089) (0.091)

male -0.030 -0.019 -0.012

(0.103) (0.103) (0.104)

ability -0.261 -0.232 -0.239

(0.201) (0.201) (0.205)

missed4 -0.161 -0.169

(0.120) (0.121)

diff atime 0.007 -0.014 -0.015

(0.009) (0.014) (0.014)

atime 0.012** 0.012**

(0.006) (0.006)

missedbefore5 -0.164**

(0.074)

N 1,350 1,350 1,350 1,350 1,350

Clusters 135 135 135 135 135

Pseudo R2 0.047 0.058 0.077 0.080 0.084

?2 50.484 58.599 94.701 104.583 107.825

Prob > ?2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

1. Calculate the t statistic for the coefficient on the variable 'lane'.

2. Is there evidence to support the following hypothesis: Athletes who experience higher levels of pressure due their higher position in the ranking have a higher probability of experiencing deterioration in performance. Explain.

3. Is there evidence in support of the hypothesis that longer shooting times lead to an increase in the probability of missing the fifth shot? Explain

4. Does gender play a role in determining the probability of missed fifth shot?

5. Are these results evident of the phenomenon of 'choking under pressure'?

Answer 1

1.

t statistic for 'lane' = estimated coefficient / Standard error

= 1.849 / 0.240 = 7.704166667

2.

Higher positon in ranking implies low lane number and high value of lane number. As, the variable 'lane' is significant (shown by *** signs) in model 4 and the sign of the coefficient is positive, there is high probability of missing fifth shot with increase in lane. Hence, there is evidence to support that the "athletes who experience higher levels of pressure due to their higher position in the ranking have a higher probability of experiencing deterioration in performance".

3.

As, the variable 'shtime' is significant (shown by ** signs) in model 4 and the sign of the coefficient is positive, there is high probability of missing fifth shot with longer shooting times. Hence, there is evidence to support that the "longer shooting times lead to an increase in the probability of missing the fifth shot".

4.

As, the variable 'male' is not significant (no * signs) in model 4, the gender does not play a role in determining the probability of missed fifth shot.

5. As, the p-value of the model (Prob > ) is 0.000 which is less than the assumed significance level of 0.05, the model is statistically significant. Hence, there is significant evidence of 'choking under pressure'.