Question

Documentation and discussion of the comparative ease of implementation (design / implement / debug) in lisp, python and java programming language, including how robustness issues were addressed.

Answer 1

Lisp: Lisp is the high level programming language. It is worthy to use for developing Artificial Intelligence programs because of its ability to process the symbolic information gradually. For using the Lisp programming language on your computer, you need to install the two softwares : Text Editor and Lisp Executer. Text Editors that can be used are Notepad, Epsilon, vi etc. CLISP is the compiler that is designed for LISP for Windows. Lisp programs also termed as symbolic expressions and consists of atoms, objects and lists. Each expression is considered to be a Lisp program. Lisp programs are implemented on either Interpreter or Compiler. For example, if we would like to find out the sum of three numbers using Lisp then the s-expression will be (+ 3 5 7) then the output will be 15. In order to implement the compiled code of this expression we need to save the program as sum.lisp and write the code as (write (+ 3 5 7)). When you select Execute option then the output will be 15. We use prefix notation in Lisp programs that is operators are to be mentioned before the operands as you see in above example. The Lisp programs can be evaluated in two parts: Translating the source code into objects and Execution of semantics for objects. While handling errors, we consider exceptions as conditions. The conditions are used to generate warning while the code on the upper part work normally. Conditions in Lisp can be handled in three steps: Creating a Signal for Condition, Handling a condition signal and then reinitializing the complete process. In recent days, we use Common Lisp and Scheme in Lisp programming. Lisp programs have stylish programming techniques that include simple and easy semantics and perform the functioning intelligently.  

Python: Python is object-oriented, high level programming language. It is a language developed for beginners who are new to programming and want to learn web programming. It is a scripting language and also include functional and structural methods for implementation. It is used to integrate with other languages also like C, Java, C++. It includes dynamic data types and also provide assistance for dynamic type checking. A small code or statement in Python is: print("I know Python");. This line will prints the output as I know Python on screen. This language is easy to learn, read and maintain. It is portable and assist GUI based applications. Python is used on different platforms including Linux and MAC OS. Python is available on your system by downloading the binary code as applicable and then do the installation of Python language. In case the binary code doesn't exists, then a C Compiler is required for compilation. The Python can be implemented in three modes: Interactive Interpreter, Command Line Script, IDE(Integrated Development Environment). We use Python Identifiers for the selection of variables, functions, classes or objects. There are two ways to remove error from your Python Program and add the debugging features: Exception Handling and Assertions. As it incorporates less code in programs so it is easy to maintain than any other programming language. Also it has the capability to provide easy solutions of complex problems.  

Java: Java is the most popular and object oriented programming language. We can't consider it as a pure form of object oriented language as it involves the use of primitive data types in classes. Java codes are converted into byte codes on compilation. This byte code is then implemented on JVM(Java Virtual Machine). The byte code is machine independent. Java does not support pointers because these are low level functionalities. Java is used to create and develop many kinds of web Applications that can be used on Desktop or Mobile, Banks and other Organizations. There are three requirements for setting up the environment for Java Program: JDK(Java Development Kit), JRE(Java Run Time Environment) and JVM(Java Virtual Machine). The Programming process takes place in three steps:

i. Create a program using text editor with name as Animal.java.

ii Compile a program through a command as javac Animal.java in command prompt.

iii Run the program by writing java Animal in command prompt.

Here Animal is the class name for the program so we write the program name as Animal.java. We use classes, methods, interfaces, variables and packages for writing the java programs. For error handling, java creates an object for each exception and stops the program and then JRE sorts out the exception by involving a correct exception handler to the exception. A Java debug wire protocol is used to debug the program errors involved in applications through inter communication. Java is a robust language as it makes use of memory management effeciently. The automatic garbage collection is used to remove the objects from java program that are of no use further. It is portable and widely used on different platforms that makes it robust and supportive language.