Question

concepts of Kantianism and objections about the theory?

Answer 1

Answer :

Concept of kantianism :

Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory ascribed to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. The theory, developed as a result of Enlightenment rationalism, is based on the view that the only intrinsically good thing is a good will; an action can only be good if its maxim—the principle behind it—is duty to the moral law. Central to Kant's construction of the moral law is the categorical imperative, which acts on all people, regardless of their interests or desires. Kant formulated the categorical imperative in various ways. His principle of universalizability requires that, for an action to be permissible, it must be possible to apply it to all people without a contradiction occurring. Kant's formulation of humanity, the second section of the Categorical Imperative, states that as an end in itself humans are required never to treat others merely as a means to an end, but always, additionally, as ends in themselves. The formulation of autonomy concludes that rational agents are bound to the moral law by their own will, while Kant's concept of the Kingdom of Ends requires that people act as if the principles of their actions establish a law for a hypothetical kingdom. Kant also distinguished between perfect and imperfect duties. A perfect duty, such as the duty not to lie, always holds true; an imperfect duty, such as the duty to give to charity, can be made flexible and applied in particular time and place.

Kant's ethics runs on something called Categorical Imperatives — unconditional commands. For example, if I were to say “Lying is wrong,” then under no circumstances is it all right to lie.

Objections to Kantianism:

It must be acknowledged that Kant has furnished many of the most significant themes that are found in the currents of contemporary philosophy, even in the forms that they still assume today. Yet, as compared with the state of affairs that existed from 1860 to 1918, Kantianism suffered an impressive decline that continued until approximately the third quarter of the 20th century.

What were the reasons for this decline? In general, after World War I the reduction of philosophy to the philosophy of science was no longer accepted, though logical empiricism offered hardly any objection to it.

1)The philosophy of science comprises, in fact, only one problem area, not the entire assemblage of philosophical problems.

2)From this a second objection arose: Kantianism in general is too formalistic to satisfy human inquisitiveness, which inclines more and more toward concrete concerns. Kantianism restricts itself to examining the a priori forms of thought and cares little for its diverse contents. Were this objection pertinent only to the exact sciences, it would not be serious, for these sciences attend to their own applications, but the objection becomes very grave for the field of ethics. For this reason, the objection against Kant’s formalism has been raised most passionately against his ethical treatise, the Critique of Practical Reason—as by Hartmann, by the phenomenologist Max Scheler, and by others.

3)This transcendental formalism immediately encounters the further objection of subjectivism—in spite of efforts (from the side of logic) to evade it—i.e., it is blamed for obstructing the apprehension of the real universality of the Ego, of the thinking subject, and for inexorably impelling the scholar to the view that human knowledge is merely the product of subjective construction. This subjectivistic transcendentalism, by its intrinsic logic, denies humans access to the external world. Not only does it debar them from the world of things-in-themselves but it also prevents them from granting objective reality to phenomena as such, inasmuch as the transcendental source is here viewed as playing a constructive role with respect to experience and the phenomenon.

These three major objections, which stand out in the midst of many criticisms of minor details, recur constantly in the Kantian literature. The result of these objections, as far as the evaluation of the critical philosophy is concerned, is that it is repudiated by some philosophers in its entirety—without, however, being thereby considered barred by limitation. Kant thus remains, in spite of everything, an inexhaustible source of problems and ideas, comparable in this respect to Plato and Aristotle, with whom he forms the great triad of Western philosophical thought.