Question

3. Briefly summarize par. 30-3 (initial measurement) of ASC 820-10 and provide one example listed in par. 30-3A of an instance when transaction price may not be reflective of fair value.

Answer 1

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, applies to U.S. GAAP that require or permit fair value measurements or disclosures and provides a single framework for measuring fair value and requires disclosures about fair value measurement. The Topic defines fair value on the basis of an "exit price" notion and uses a "fair value hierarchy," which results in a market-based — rather than entity-specific — measurement.

ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring it, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. According to ASC 820-10-20:

“Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.”

The definition of fair value retains the exchange price notion in earlier definitions of fair value. ASC 820 clarifies that the exchange price is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability in the market in which the reporting entity would transact for the asset or liability, that is, the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability. The transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability is a hypothetical transaction at the measurement date, considered from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability. Therefore, the definition focuses on the price that would be received to sell the asset or paid to transfer the liability (an exit price), not the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or received to assume the liability (an entry price).

ASC 820 emphasizes that fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. Therefore, a fair value measurement should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, this Statement establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between (1) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs) and (2) the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs). The notion of unobservable inputs is intended to allow for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.