Question

1- Briefly related the history and importance in the medical field of: Florence Nightingale, Elizabeth Blackwell and Marie Curie that woman that received 2 Nobel Prize.

2- Describe the discover of Edward jenner (1796) and importance in Preventing Medicine

3- Relate the importance of studies of Dr. Anthony Atala of wake Forest Institue for regenerative medicine in Wiston-Salem NC. Usa.

4- Describe the characteristics of Private or Civil Law,

Answer 1

1: Florence Nightingale was a trailblazing figure in nursing who greatly affected 19th- and 20th-century policies around proper medical care. She was known for her night rounds to aid the wounded, establishing her image as the 'Lady with the Lamp.'During the Crimean War, she and a team of nurses improved the unsanitary conditions at a British base hospital, greatly reducing the death count. Her writings sparked worldwide health care reform, and in 1860 she established St. Thomas' Hospital and the Nightingale Training School for Nurses. A revered hero of her time, she died on August 13, 1910, in London.

Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to graduate from medical school in the United States.

Marie Curie discovered two new chemical elements – radium and polonium. She carried out the first research into the treatment of tumors with radiation, and she founded of the Curie Institutes, which are important medical research centers.

2: The smallpox vaccine, introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first successful vaccine to be developed.This development resulted in immunity to smallpox and ushered in the era of preventive measures for contagious diseases. He is called the father of preventive medicine.

3: Dr Anthony Atala working to grow more than 30 different tissues or organs.,from heart valves to muscles to liver. He led the team that implanted first lab grown organ into a human. If his team became successful than we donot need any donors for implantations.

4: Civil law is a legal system originating in Continental Europe and adopted in much of the world. The civil law system is intellectualized within the framework of Roman law, and with core principles codified into a referable system, which serves as the primary source of law.civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes substantive rules from procedural rules. It holds case law secondary and subordinate to statutory law. Civil law is often paired with the inquisitorial system, but the terms are not synonymous.

Private law is that part of a civil law legal system which is part of the jus commune that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts  and the law of obligations. It is to be distinguished from public law, which deals with relationships between both natural and artificial persons and the state, including regulatory statutes, penal law and other law that affects the public order. In general terms, private law involves interactions between private individuals.