Question

 Carbohydrates

 What are carbohydrates?

 What are they composed of?

 What are they used for?

 What are monosaccharides, disaccharides, & polysaccharides?

 Give examples of each?

 What reaction is involved in the synthesis of di- and polysaccharides?

 What type of bond exists in di- and polysaccharides?

 Lipids

 What makes up simple lipids?

 What makes up phospholipids?

 What type of bond exists between the components of lipids?

 Where do you find phospholipids?

 What is the generic shape of a phospholipid?

 Sterols

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Are the sugars ,starches, fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen atoms, usually with a hydrogen - oxygen atom ratio 2:1 and thus with an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n.

The four primary uses or functions of carbohydrates are to provide energy, store energy, build macromolecules, and prtein and fat for other uses. Glucose energy is stored as glycogen, with the majority of it in the muscle and lliver.

Monosaccharides are the simplest units of sugar and the most basic units of carbohydrates.They cannot be further hydrolyzed to simpler chemical compounds. The are ususlly colourless, water soluble and crystalline solids.

eg.glucose, fructose and galactose.

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharide are linked with a glycosidic linkage.

eg. sucrose, lactose, maltose.

Polysaccharides are long chains of carbohydrate molecules specifically polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosacccharide units bonded together with glycosidic linkage.

eg.starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Condensation, which involves the removal of water joins the monosaccharides together. Then after being catalyzed by enzymes monosaccharides linked (glycosidic ) to form di- or poly saccharides.

Glycosidic bond which is a covalent bonds links the monosaccharides together.

LIPIDS.

Lipids are molecules that contai hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells. It is a macrobiomolecule that is soluble in Nonpolar ( hydrocarbon) solvents.

eg. fats , oil, hormones, etc.

A simple lipid is a ester of fattyacid alcoholes and carries no other substance.They re made tryglycerides, steryl esters and wax esters.

Phospholipids are class of lipids that are amjor component of all cell membranes..Thry are of amphiphilic character.

The structure of the phospholipid molecule generally consist of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic head consisting of a phosphate group.