Question

Q1:What is the difference between X and Xc? How do they relate to the brain and the mind. Discuss 2 design implications of X and Xc.

Q2:Define Human Information Processing. Provide one example of how it effects systems interaction.

Q3:What are the characteristics of working memory? What is the difference between working memory and short term memory? How does working memory relate to mental workload?

Q4:Dr. Jones was recently awarded for her successful Cancer Treatment clinic. She is known to be able to accurately detect breast cancer from mammograms about 80% of the time. After receiving her award, Dr. Jones really wants to increase her accuracy rate even more, because she wants her clinic to be recognized again next year. According to SDT, if the true rate of cancer and her patient population remained the same, what is most likely to happen to Dr. Jones’ diagnoses:

	a.	She is likely to have an increase in false alarms.
	b.	She is likely to increase Beta.
	c.	She is likely to experience a decrease in false alarms.
	d.	She is likely to decrease Beta.
	e.	All of the above.
	f.	Both A and D. Q5:There is an experiment of 250 trials and the auditory alarm was given in a noisy environment.  The results of the experiment are given in the following table.  Determine the measure of sensitivity (d’ – d prime). Response Signal (Ya) No Signal (Yb) Yes 90 40 No 10 110 Total 100 150 Notes: h = Number of hits / Number of signal trials f  = Number of false alarms / Number of noise trials d’ = Z(hit rate) – Z(false alarm rate) You will need your Standard Normal Distribution table

Answer 1

Q3:What are the characteristics of working memory? What is the difference between working memory and short term memory? How does working memory relate to mental workload?

how the mind works. Learning acquire through skill, new knowledge, behaviour etc and may involve many information processing. There are 3 domain of learning which been stated;

1. Cognitive : process to perceiving learning , remembering and think about information. Psycho-motor like swim, running, cycling and affective is to love, affection, emotion etc.
2. Memory : Memory devided into 3 storage system- sensory, short-term, and long-term.

Multiple information available in the environment we live in [ light, smell, touch etc] but brain only process selective information through electric stimulation. The body has special sensory receptor cells that transduce this external energy to something the brain can understand. In the process of transduction, a memory is created. This memory is very short (less than 1/2 second for vision; about 3 seconds for hearing).. These sensory inputs communicate with long-term memory through “working memory” and it is called Short term memory.

In the process of sensory memory, a constrained measure of data is moved into short term memory. Selective attention figures out what data moves from sensory to short term memory. STM is frequently put away as sounds, particularly in reviewing words, however might be put away as pictures. It works essentially the same as a PC’s RAM ( Randon Access System) in that it gives a working space to short calculations and after that exchanges it to different parts of the memory framework or disposes of it. STM is helpless against intrusion or obstruction.

STM is characterised by

• A limited capacity of up to 7 pieces of independent information (Miller,1956). The brief duration of these items last from 3 to 20 seconds. Decay appears to be the primary mechanism of memory loss.
  • Miller Magic No : George Miller’s classic 1956 study found that the amount of information which can be remembered on one exposure is between 5 and 9 items, depending on the information. Applying a range of +2 or -2, the number 7 became known as Miller’s Magic Number, the number of items which can be held in Short-Term Memory at any one time. For example, we can remember way more human faces as there are a number of aspects, such as hair color, hair style, shape of face, facial hair, etc. We remember phone numbers by their aspects of 2 or more groupings, i.e. chunking. We don’t really remember “seven” numbers. We remember the first group of three and then the other grouping of four numbers. If it is long distance, then we add an area code. So we actually remember 10 numbers by breaking it into groups of three.
• The brief duration of these items last from 3 to 20 seconds.
• Decay appears to be the primary mechanism of memory loss.

Within STM , there are 3 basic operation ;

1 Iconic memory : hold visual aspect.

2. Acoustic Memory : hold sound aspect. This process memory can held for longer period.

3. Working memory : Short term memory is additionally called working memory and identifies with what we are pondering at any given minute in time. In Freudian terms, this is cognitive memory. It is made by our focusing on an external stimuli, an internal thought, or both. A dynamic procedure to keep it until the point that it is put to utilize (think about a telephone number you'll rehash to yourself until the point that you can dial it on the telephone). Note that the objective isn't generally to move the data from STM to LTM, yet simply put the data to quick utilize.

Working memory is a subjective framework [cognitive system] with a restricted limit that is in charge of incidentally holding data accessible for processing. Working memory is vital for thinking and the direction of basic leadership, decision making and behaviour. Working memory is regularly utilized synonymously short term memory, yet a few scholars consider the two types of memory distinct, expecting that working memory takes into manipulation of stored information, while Short term memory, just alludes to the transient stockpiling of information. Working memory is a hypothetical idea integral to psychological brain research, neuropsychology, and neuroscience.

Q2:Define Human Information Processing. Provide one example of how it effects systems interaction.

Information processing is an approach to the goal of understanding human thinking. Educators or cognitive psychologist are putting efforts to study how humans learn. This is because every human is different therefore how one learns, acquires new information, and retains previous information guides selection of long-term learning objectives and methods of effective instruction. Basic principles

• limited capacity of the mental system
• control component is required to supervise the encoding, change, handling, processing, recovery and usage of data
• there is a two-way flow of information as we try to make sense of the world around us.
• human organism has been genetically learn to process and organise information in specific ways.

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