Question

1. Which of the following are upregulated by parasympathetic stimulation?

   		Heart rate
   		Digestion
   		Breathing rate
   		Sperm production

2 points   

QUESTION 23

1. Which of the following symptoms could be caused by a heart defect?

   		Low urine production
   		Inability to get or maintain an erection
   		Failure to ovulate
   		Rapid breathing

2 points   

QUESTION 24

1. Thyroxins are the thyroid hormones that control metabolic rate. Which of the following do you expect to occur in someone who has hyperthyroidism?

   		Increase BP
   		Decreased urination
   		Hunger
   		Decreased nutrient absorption

Answer 1

Effector organs	Parasympathetic system
Eyes	Pupils constriction
Salivary glands	Increase secretion
Bronchi (Lungs)	Bronchoconstriction
Heart	Decrese in Heart rate ,Decrease force of coduction,Decrease conductivity of heart
Adrenal medulla	Inhibitory action
Stomach	Stimulate contractility ,motility and secretion .
Intestines	Increase intestinal motility and peristalis may result in diarrhea .
An*s sphincters	Relaxation of anal sphincter
Bladder	Increase contractility of blaader
Internal Urethral sphincters	Relaxation of sphicter and passsage of urine
Erector pili muscles	No innervation
Sex organs	Erection

Ans 1 - Digestion

Ans 24 - Rapid breathing

Congenital heart defects like atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect can lead to Left to right shunt, that is blood is shunted from left side of heart to right side of heart during cardiac contraction, which eventually leads to increased blood volume to right ventricle and finally more blood flow to pulmonary arteries which cause congestion of lungs and causes the rapid breathing.

Ans 25 Systemic hypertension or increased BP

Hyperthyroidism cause increase in heart rate and force of contraction of heart, hence cardiac output increases which inturn increase the systolic blood pressure. on blood vessels it cause vasodilation hence diastolic blood pressure decreases hence mean arterial pressure remains unchanged, only pulse pressure increases.

Other features of hyperthyroidism includ, increase metabolic rate, weight loss, heat intolerence, tachycardia, muscle weakness etc.