Question

Each answer will need to identify the source of the term (1 point), define the term according to the source (2 points), and demonstrate the significance of this term in order to understand the role of science and technology in global development (2 points). Each answer should be at least 5 sentences.

Multiple sciences

The Invention of Development

Dependency

Structural Adjustment Policies

Brundtland Commission

Imagined Communities

Monumental Modernity

The Workings of Disrepair

Answer 1

1) Multiple Sciences: Society owes its growth to the scientific knowledge and development. Therefore, multiple sciences concern itself the role of science and technology in the world. It aims to study the problems of society in a scientific manner. This can be applied to physical, natural as well as biological sciences to inquire about the contribution of science and technology in everyday life.

2) According to the anthropologist Arturo Escobar, the invention of development means following a strategy in which rules of the game are set by the powerful.They will decide who is the development for, how will it be implemented, who is suppose to be the authority, who is the expert and how the policy and planning turns out to be.

3) The concern of the Director of the United Nations economic commission for Latin America Raul Prebisch gave rise to the theory of Dependency. They observed that economic growth in the developed nations did not translate into growth in poorer countries. On the contrary, the more pooer countries were suffering from serious economic troubles as a result of the economic activity of richer nations.

4) Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) are the financial loans provided by the World Bank and IMF to countries that are undergoing economic crises thereby helping them to make debt repayments. Acknowledging to be part of SAPs require countries to devalue their currency against the dollar, lift any restriction for import and export, remove price control and other subsidies and balance their budget.

5) The erstwhile world commission on environment and development is now known as Brundtland Commission. This very commission gave the term sustainable development in its report entitled " Our Common Future" in the year 1987. This commission under the leadership of prime ministership of Gro Harlem Brundtland argued that if developing and industrialized nations continue to grow at the current rate then this growth is going to be unsustainable. The commission observed that " Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the need of the current generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs". (The Brundtland report 1987)

6) Benedict Anderson in his book " Imagined communities" in 1983 conceptualized Imagined community. He wanted to analyze nationalism and observed that even the members of the smallest nation will never come to of each other yet in each of their minds they share a common union. So he called this to be 'Imagined'. The reason he called it a community because regardless of the prevailing inequality and exploitation within each nation, there is a feeling of camaraderie which give rise to community feeling.