Question

write an 7 pages essay on Lipid

Answer 1

The term lipids refer to a structurally numerous institution of molecules consisting of fat and fatty substances, and arise in flora and animals together with carbohydrates and proteins. inside the organisms lipids are found both as protoplasmic fats or as reserves.

Lipids are water insoluble natural biomolecules, but are soluble in non-polar solvents like chloroform, ether, or benzene. They include a big share of carbon hydrogen bonds and release a huge quantity of strength on breakdown. On alkaline hydrolysis lipids yield water soluble glycerol and fatty acids.

features of Lipids:
(i) They feature as membrane structural additives.

(ii) They function garage and shipping fuels.

(iii) they may be lively additives of plastid and mitochondrial electron shipping structures.

(iv) Photoprotection of photosynthetic equipment thru xanthophyll cycle, which seems to be an important street for dissipation of extra mild power.

(v) protection of membranes towards damage from free radicals.

(vi) in lots of organisms they form a waterproofing and protecting coating at the outer membrane.

(vii) Many lipid molecules are also responsible for protein change.

(viii) they'll additionally serve as signaling marketers.

(ix) exceptional lipids can also feature as defense and anti-feeding compounds.

Lipids may arise in combination with different biomolecules together with glycolipids and lipoproteins. the previous is a carbohydrate and lipid combination and the latter is a lipid and protein mixture. The combination molecules show blended characteristics and carry out unique capabilities.

Classifications of Lipids:

simple lipids or Homolipids:

these are esters of fatty acids with diverse alcohols.

(a) fat and oils (triglycerides, triacyiglycerols):

these are esters of fatty acids with a trihydroxy alcohol, glycerol. A fat is solid at regular room temperature while oil is liquid.

(b) Waxes:

those are esters of fatty acids with high molecular weight monohydroxy alcohols.

2. Compound lipids or Heteroliplds:

those are esters of fatty acids with alcohol and having extra institution(s).

(a) Phospholipids (phosphatides):

these are lipids containing a phosphoric acid, nitrogen bases and other substituents, in addition to fatty acids and glycerol.

(b) Glycolipids (cerebrosides):

those lipids comprise fatty acids with carbohydrates and include nitrogen however no phosphoric acid.

(c) Lipoproteins:

those are macromolecular complexes of lipids and proteins.

(d) different complicated lipids:

Sulfolipids, aminolipids and lipopolysaccharides are amongst other complex lipids.

three. Derived lipids:

these are the materials derived from simple and compound lipids by way of hydrolysis. these consist of fatty acids, alcohols, mono- and diglycerides, steroids, terpenes and carotenoids.

i. easy Lipids:
(a) fat and Oils (= Triglycerides or Triacylglycerols):

The triglycerides are the most abundant of all lipids. They represent approximately 98% of overall nutritional lipids; the last 2% consists of phospholipids and cholesterol and its esters. they're the fundamental additives of garage or depot fat in plant and animal cells however are not commonly located in membranes. maximum fat and oils, upon hydrolysis, yield numerous fatty acids as well as glycerol.

Chemically, triglycerides are esters of glycerol with 3 fatty acid molecules.

Certain common steroids are:

(a) ldl cholesterol,

(b) Coprostanol,

(c) Cholestanol,

(d) Ergosterol (located in ergot, yeast and Neurospora), and

(e) Lanosterol.

(ii) C 24 steroids or bile acids:

these are crucial end merchandise of ldl cholesterol metabolism in better plant life. a few important such steroids are — (a) Monohydroxycholanic acid, (b) Dihydroxycholanic acid and (c) Trihydroxycholanic acid.

plant fatty acids. The double bonds typically continue to be in c/s configuration.

Bacterial fatty acids are less complicated. Fatty acids with an peculiar variety of carbon atoms seldom occur in a few animals.

The fatty acids can be straight chain or branched chain. Systematic nomenclature of the fatty acids is primarily based on the determine hydrocarbon. for example, hexane (C6), is the determine hydrocarbon for n-hexanoic acid whose not unusual name is caproic acid. further, octane is the figure hydrocarbon of n-octanoic acid that is generally known as caprylic acid. The saturated fatty acids stop with a suffix – anoic whilst the unsaturated fatty acids end with a suffix – enoic.