Question
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Describe the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in arousal and sleep, where the come from in the...
Describe the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in arousal and sleep, where the come from in the brain, where they project to in the brain, and what they do.
Solutions
Expert Solution
The endogenous neurotransmitters and neuromodulators ACh(acetylcholine), GABA, glutamate, monoamines( dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine) and adenosine are involved in the sleep and arousal.
ACh:
* Cholinergic neuron are capable of producing ACh in the brain.
* ACh is related with the REM (Rapid eyeball movement) sleep. Its cortical release is highest during waking and REM sleep and lowest during nonREM sleep.
* In the CNS, the Cholinergic projects from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus support the cognitive functions of these target areas
GABA:
* Brain cells produce GABA from glutamate and it is released in the synaptic cleft.
* GABA help the body and mind relax and fall asleep and the soundly throughout the night and low GABA is related with insomnia and disrupted sleep.
* GABA is a inhibitory neurotransmitter gabanergic straital projections to globus pallidus external and globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra.
Dopamine :
* Dopamine is released by the neuron in the brain
* It inhibit norepinephrine, causing you to feel alert.
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