Question

1. Name three innate physical barriers to infection.  Just name them.  3pts
2. Name one skin and one gastrointestinal innate chemical barrier to infection. 3 pts
3. Name three domains of the Toll-like receptor. 5 pts
4. Define what a PAMP is. 5 pts
5. Name  8 PAMPs and the TLR that recognizes them.  Name the microbe the PAMP is associated with.  8 pts
6. Define an inflammasome.  How is it activated and in which cells of the body can it be activated in,  when it is activated, what is the cellular response and how does that response contribute to inflammation.  10 pts
7. Define opsonization.  What are opsonins.  Name three opsonins.  5 pts

Answer 1

QUESTION- Name three innate physical barriers to infection.  Just name them.

SOLUTION- Innate means non-specific and defence action is equal for any invading pathogen. Physical barriers is a part of innate immunity. To name the physical barrier first came in mind is a. Skin b. Endothelia c. Mucous membrane.

a. SKIN- Its made by 3 layers of tightly arranged cells Epidermis (outer layer), Dermis (middle) and hypodermis (inner layer). The protection given by three ways- one is keratin which arrange outer cell very tightly so penetration by pathogens is difficult. Secondly fatty acid which provide salty, dry and acidic environment which prevent bacterial growth. Finally frequent replacement of epidermal cell which throughout the old cell along with any outer pathogen attach to it.

b. MUCOUS MEMBRANE- Epithelial cell of mucus membrane secretes mucus, a sticky gel which also has anti bacterial peptide. This sticky gel trap any outer substances and thorough it out from body. It has many other action also as per as immunity is concern.

c.ENDOTHELIAL CELL- It is the epithelial cell lining the body vessels such as- blood vessels, urogenital tract etc. It provide frontline defence.

I suppose to answer only 1st question, kindly post the question separately if you want answer to all the questions, or if you have any specific doubt I can answer in the comment.