Question

How to connect lung cancer with the following:

C1. analyse the economic and environmental advantages and disadvantages of an artificial selection
technology, and evaluate the impact of environmental changes on natural selection and endangered species;
C2. investigate evolutionary processes, and analyse scientific evidence that supports the theory of evolution;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of the theory of evolution, the evidence that supports it, and some of the
mechanisms by which it occurs.

We have to write an essay with these categories, please give some idea and explain what each mean to me.

Answer 1

C 1 - Artificial selection is the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and those traits in future offsprings. Artificial selection works as natural selection, except that with natural selection it is nature, not human interference, that makes these decisions

Environmental advantage -  It helps to provide a food chain with better sustainability.
Human populations are continuing to grow on our planet at a rapid pace. Estimates suggest that there could be 10 billion people living here by the year 2050. That figure could reach 20 billion people by 2150. That means we must take a proactive and aggressive approach to our food production methods to ensure the survival of our species. By practicing selective breeding, our agricultural sectors can create a food chain that offers the sustainability we need.

Economic Advantage - Most of the traits of economic importance in livestock production, including dairy cattle, aquaculture , plant breed improvement ,are quantitative traits, implying that traits are affected by many genes, along with environmental effects. Not surprisingly therefore, quantitative genetics has made an important contribution to the genetic improvement of cattle.

Like natural selection, artificial selection acts by allowing differential reproductive success to individuals with different genetically determined traits in order to increase the frequency of desirable traits in the population .

Selective breeding might save genes of endangered species but their true species would become vanished , clonning might hep in this case .

C 2 -

Multiple types of evidence support the theory of evolution:

• Homologous structures provide evidence for common ancestry, while analogous structures show that similar selective pressures can produce similar adaptations (beneficial features).

• Similarities and differences among biological molecules (e.g., in the DNA sequence of genes) can be used to determine species' relatedness.

• Biogeographical patterns provide clues about how species are related to each other.

• The fossil record, though incomplete, provides information about what species existed at particular times of Earth’s history.

Some populations, like those of microbes and some insects, evolve over relatively short time periods and can observed directly.

C3 - Theory of evolution-

The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring.

Mechanisms of evolution

Evolution is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient ancestors. Evolution is responsible for both the similarities we see across all life and the amazing diversity of that life

This is how it works-

Fundamental to the process is genetic variation upon which selective forces can act in order for evolution to occur.

• Descent and the genetic differences that are heritable and passed on to the next generation

• Mutation, migration (gene flow), genetic drift, and natural selection as mechanisms of change

• The random nature of genetic drift and the effects of a reduction in genetic variation

• Variation, differential reproduction, and heredity result in evolution by natural selection

• Coevolution.