Question

3. Diabetes mellitus is characteristic by the hyperglycemia. Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes, meaning that the affected person lacks insulin in the blood. Please explain the biochemical mechanism that insulin deficiency will lead to hyperglycemia.

4. Trypanosomes are unicellular parasites that cause sleeping sickness. During one stage of their life cycle, these organisms live in the bloodstream and derive all of . their energy from glycolysis.(a) Propose potential targets for treating sleeping sickness.(b) What are some potential difficulties with your approach?

Answer 1

3) Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the glucose levels in the blood are in elevated condition. that is hyperglycemia conditions. mainly there are two types - Type 1 or insulin-dependent, type 2, or non-insulin-dependent. Insulin-dependent diabetes is concerned with severely impaired insulin production. This is resulted due to the destruction of beta cells of Langerhans within the pancreas ( autoimmune destruction), thus there would be absolute insulin deficiency and there exists a chance of developing ketosis condition. If there isn't enough insulin, autophosphorylation of tyrosine kinase is reduced too much lower folds as insulin concentration is much lower to bind to alpha and beta subunits. Thus uptake of the glucose molecule is prevented and results in the hyperglycemia condition. The insulin deficiency can also adversely affect the glucose transport in the target cells as they are not enough to recruit the GLUT transporters. This increased glucose level can cause accumulation of the glucose within the kidneytubules, which can't be reabsorbed and can act as osmotic diuretic and can cause hypotension, and decrease Na+ and K+ within the body another effects off insulin deficiency include increased VLDL in the body and thus increases acetyl CoA . Even this condition can lead to metabolic acidosis condition.