Question

can anyone summarize for me the below passage and to add some information which You got from the below passage

Sense of Coherence Antonovsky took a very different tact in health promotion and disease prevention. Antonovsky's central premise is that it is more useful to study health than to study disease. He referred to this method of study as salutogenesis, the beginnings of health. Salutogenesis defines health in terms of a continuum of ease to dis-ease and with the conditions surrounding the individual providing coping resources. Antonovsky's objection to the study of pathogenesis is that it tends to dichotomize people into either a "healthy" or "ill" state. He contends there is a continuum of "ease to dis-ease" state for most people.33 The salutogenesis model closely examines the role of stressors and tension as contributing factors for health and dis-ease. A stressor is defined as a source of disturbance that upsets a sense of equilibrium. This may come from external or internal sources such as illness, heredity, job stress, or lack of personal control. Many sources of stimuli are handled routinely as Journal of Dental Hygiene, Vol. 78, No. 3, Summer 2004 Copyright by the American Dental Hygenists Association - 5 - individual and are not stressors. Stressors produce tension and it is the perception of stress and the tension response that has an affect on the individual.33 To cope with, and possibly to use, stressors to enhance life experience, people build a network of generalized resistance resources (GRRs). A GRR is more than a specific coping skill for a particular event. GRRs include all available resources at an individual level, a community and a cosmic level that enable people to manage daily crises and cataclysmic events. A network of GRRs may contain a person's heredity, education, finances, physical resources, values, attitudes, or faith. GRRs can help an individual avoid stressors as in prevention, practicing good health habits, or avoiding dangerous situations. They may also enable a person to effectively manage a stressor and avoid psychological, emotional, or physical impairment. An examination of the list of GRRs shows that they encompass a broad range of elements. Included are biological elements such as the immune system, cognitive elements such as knowledge, material resources such as personal income or medical insurance, social factors such as support and social norms, and macrosocial support such as a belief in divine purpose.33 A GRR has an element of farsightedness. This quality allows an individual to envision coping strategies and anticipate the response of the environment. The coping strategy is not the actual behavior but the planned behavior. This may give an individual a measure of personal control, but the actual response or behavior may be limited by circumstances such as physical ability or material resources.33 Sense of coherence (SOC) is the main construct of salutogenesis. SOC is a method of seeing the world and one's place in it. It is cognitive, perceptual, and social. SOC is central to a salutogenic orientation to health and disease. From a pathogenic perspective, a clinician will diagnose a condition and work to cure it. From a salutogenic perspective, a clinician can work with a patient on goal-oriented behavior that will strengthen the sense of coherence and thereby move the patient toward the "ease" end of the ease to dis-ease continuum. SOC will move a person toward consistency and stability. 33 Researchers have found that mothers' SOC is significantly associated with several oral health indicators in adolescents.34 Strong maternal SOC was associated with gingival health, overall caries rate, anterior caries, and professional dental visits. No longitudinal studies have been conducted to measure the long term impact of SOC on oral health.34 Summary Health behavior theories may be applied for both individual patient instruction or in developing community-based programs. For example, in providing oral hygiene instructions for diabetes patients, the dental hygienist may help develop self-efficacy in a patient using enactive attainment by pointing out how the patient's efforts have improved gingival health. Encouraging a patient to self-assess the gingival condition over time may allow the patient to observe the benefits of daily plaque removal as tissues bleed less and become firmer. Asking the patient if he/she has noticed anyone with loose teeth may cause vicarious learning. Many patients have observed loose teeth and tooth loss in family members. Explaining this tooth loss may have been caused by advanced periodontal disease allows the patient to learn vicariously through another person's experience without personally experiencing the adverse event. Dental hygienists may also help develop patients' sense of coherence by networking with medical providers, community support groups, and family members. Many preschools, elementary schools, and day care centers have toothbrushing programs and/or teach dental health to students and parents. Dental hygienists involved in these community programs may use Theory of Reasoned Action to encourage daily brushing and thereby create a behavioral norm for the parent and child. Social norms of good nutrition, appropriate weaning schedules, and healthy smiles established in these early childhood programs might have an impact long after the program has ended. Conclusion Principles of evidence-based medicine and professional ethics require health providers to keep their knowledge current and employ tested techniques.1 Longitudinal research evaluates outcomes for programs based on various theories. Examination of outcomes allows dental hygienists to employ the most appropriate theoretical base for patient education. Assisting patients in partaking in their oral health maintenance remains a constant challenge for oral health professionals at the community and individual level. A brief review of theories commonly used in relation to oral health shows that each Journal of Dental Hygiene, Vol. 78, No. 3, Summer 2004 Copyright by the American Dental Hygenists Association - 6 - theory has proven successful in certain situations; each has limitations. Many of the available studies are cross sectional and cannot be used to determine cause effect relationships. It is possible that some theories are more applicable on a community level, and others more useful for individual counseling. Longitudinal studies are needed to test the predictive value of theories or the relative impact on various conditions. The Surgeon General's national call to action recommends research designed to determine the complex interactions of biological, social, and environmental influences on oral health. "Such research must be complemented by prevention and behavioral science research (including community-based approaches and ways to change risk behaviors), health services research to explore how the structure and function of health care services affect health outcomes, and by population health and epidemiology research to understand potential associations among diseases and possible risk factors."35 Following this recommendation, and in light of the current state of knowledge of the success and limitations of health behavior modification theories, research is needed to determine the long term outcomes of programs based on various theoretical constructs. Research is also needed to examine possible interactions between health theories, possible multidimensional models, or appropriateness of certain models for certain conditions. Dental hygienists routinely provide patients information on a variety of oral health related issues. The benefit of time spent on in doing this may depend on the effectiveness of the intervention for a particular patient, particular condition, and in a particular setting. With a working knowledge of current health modification theories, oral health professionals are better equipped to provide educational services for patients and communities

Answer 1

Sense of Coherence is a concept given by Antonovsky in 1979 to discuss the health related issues of people which predicts that people who are stressed and live in unhygienic conditions are prone to sickness as compared to the people living in a hygienic environment and this is called as the salutogenic report. It consists of the six C referring to complexity, conflict, chaos, coherence, civility and coercion. The factor stress is important in life and regulates the health of the people in society. The more the stress , the more is the chance of suffering from heart diseases and mental diseases like stroke. A complex life with tension ,stress and anxiety leads to the adverse effects on the health of the person as compared to a tension free life. The lack of good environment and relations leads to the development of conflicts and chaos with evil thinking and crisis in life. The life with following of rules and obligations leads to coherence annd civility in life. There are generalized resistance resources (GRR) which help in maintaining the internal and external well being of a person in life. An imporant factor is the awareness of the benefits of good health and the awakening of the effects of the bad health that can have on the life of the person with good understanding of the remedy, cure and treatment of the diseases with medicines and therapy. GRR depends upon a number of factors like:

• attitude of a person.
• relation development with a person.
• awareness of good and bad things in life.
• knowledge of things in life.
• emotional significance.
• mental perception about the benefits of good health.
• indepth concepts about the treatment of diseases during ill-health.
• awareness of cultural values and community roots with significance.
• The examples include the study of the menopausal life of women in Israel and the importance of dental teeth hygiene with checkup of the cavities in the teeth.