Question

Describe how do innate and adaptive immune system detect and kill the mucosal intracellular bacteria. Please be specific about which cells or receptors.

Answer 1

•The innate immunity also called nonspecific immunity. It consist chemical, physical and cellular defense. It provide immediate response within 96 hours.

•The cells involved in innate immune system are natural killer cells, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils

•This is antigen independent. As no major receptors are associated with it.

•The innate immune system contains cells that detect potentially harmful antigens, and then inform the adaptive immune response about the presence of these antigens. An antigen-presenting cell (APC) is an immune cell that detects, engulfs, and informs the adaptive immune response about an infection. When a pathogen is detected, these APCs will phagocytose the pathogen and digest it to form many different fragments of the antigen. Antigen fragments will then be transported to the surface of the APC, where they will serve as an indicator to other immune cells. Dendritic cells are immune cells that process antigen material; they are present in the skin (Langerhans cells) and the lining of the nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. Sometimes a dendritic cell presents on the surface of other cells to induce an immune response, thus functioning as an antigen-presenting cell. Macrophages also function as APCs.

•Adaptive immunity- it is also caked acquired immunity. This immunity is antigen dependent as it majorly based on receptors.

•The cells involved are T and B lymphocytes. This immunity is associated with the clonal expansion and also produce memory for future. Lymphocytes have same receptor as antigen carry on itself, that is why they fight with the specific antigen.

•There are three types of T cells: cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor T cells. Cytotoxic T cells destroy virus-infected cells in the cell-mediated immune response, and helper T cells play a part in activating both the antibody and the cell-mediated immune responses.

•Suppressor T cells deactivate T cells and B cells when needed, and thus prevent the immune response from becoming too intense.