Question

Lab 10: Blood, Bone, Muscles Bone Anatomy of Bone: Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Compact bone, spongy bone, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow Full Skeletal Anatomy (know at least 10, word bank will be given) Cranium, Mandible, Spinal Column (C,T,L,S,C), Clavicle, Sternum, Ribs, Humorous, Ulna, Radius, Pelvic Girdle, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges. Blood/Blood Typing: What makes up blood? What is an Antigen? What is an Antibody? What is Agglutination? Know the Blood Types and associated antibodies Be able to describe why some blood types are incompatible with each other.

Answer 1

What makes up blood?

Blood contains both liquid (54%) and solid parts (46%). The liquid part is plasma containing water, salts, nutrients, and proteins, while the solid part is made of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

What is an Antigen?

Antigen is a kind of toxin or substance present on foreign bodies (pathogens) entering our body. Mostly, antigens are protein/peptide fragments and polysaccharides. These antigens are recognized by our immune cells to elicit immune reaction via antibody or cytotoxicity.

What is an Antibody?

Antibody is an Y-shaped protein synthesized in the B-lymphocytes against foreign antigens upon encountering them. Immunoglobulins are antibodies synthesized by B cells. There are five types: IgM, IgE, IgA, IgG, and IgD.

What is Agglutination?

Agglutination is the formation of clumps by antigen-antibody reactions on a large surface like cell membrane. Antigen-antibody reaction crosslinks various particle or cells leading to formation of visible clumps.

Describe why some blood types are incompatible with each other.

A blood group expresses A antigen on their RBCs and have antibodies against B antigen in their blood.

B blood group expresses B antigen on their RBCs and have antibodies against A antigen in their blood.

AB blood group expresses both A and B antigens on their RBCs and have antibodies against neither A nor B antigen in their blood.

O blood group expresses neither A nor B antigen on their RBCs and have antibodies against both A and B antigens in their blood.

So, if we transfuse A blood to B blood type person, there will be rejection by immune (Ag-Ab) reaction. However, some blood types like AB can accept both A and B blood types as they don’t antibodies against either of them (A or B antigen).