Question

Biology review Sheet - NEED ANSWERS ASAP - the last person did this very poorly

1. Identify and differentiate between the asexual spores and sporangia produced by zygomycetes and the conidia and conidiophores produced by ascomycetes.

2. Describe mycorrhizae and lichens and explain the role of each organism involved in each of these mutualistic relationships. If presented with a lichen specimen, you should be able to identify it as such.

3. Ste why Bryophytes (mosses) and Pteridophytes (Ferns) are restricted to habitats that are moist.

4. State why Bryophytes exhibit low, sprawling growth.

5. Differentiate between xylem and phloem.

6. Define Heterospory and distinguish between microspores and megaspores (i.e. with respect to what they develop into). State which plant groups are heterosporous.

7. List for differences between seeds and spores.

8. Describe pollen (i.e. what is pollen?) and explain why pollen provides and advantage to plants that produce it.

9. Describe a seed (i.e. what is a seed?) state which generation (gametophyte or sporophyte) develops from a seed, and state the advantage of producing seeds.

10. Describe a flower; label the parts of a flower; identify the male and female reproductive organs; the site of pollen production; site of egg production; and site of fertilization; and state the purpose of flowers.

11. Define fruit and explain how fruits are advantageous to flowering plants.

12. State which structures of the flower develop into the seed and fruit respectively.

13. Differentiate between simple, aggregate, accessory, and multiple fruits, with examples.

14. Compare and contrast the life cycles of bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (some of this included in the list for objective 6 above).

part 2

1. Describe at least 5 characteristics that green algae and land plants have in common.
2. List and briefly describe at least 5 challenges faced by plants in “making the move to land”.
3. List at least 5 adaptations (shared derived characteristics) of land plants and briefly explain how these4 features are adaptive for life on land.
4. Diagram the generalized alternation of generations, the reproductive cells produced (spores, gametes, and zygote) and where mitosis, meiosis and fertilization take place.
5. Indicate which stages/structures in the alternation of generations life cycle are haploid and which are diploid, and which are multicellular and which are unicellular.
6. Compare/contrast phylum Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Pinophyta, Cupressophyta, and Anthophyta with regards to:

• The presence of a waxy cuticle, sporangia and gametangia, and embryo retention.
• The presence of stomata
• The presence of vascular tissue
• The presence of true roots and leaves
• The dominance, size and independence of the sporophyte and gametophyte stages
• How fertilization is accomplished (i.e. do flagellated sperm swim to the egg or is the male gametophyte transported to the female via wind and/or animal dispersed pollen grains?).
• The reproductive structures that are being dispersed
• If the female gametophyte is contained within and ovule, and if so, the ovule is within an ovary.
• Whether seeds, flowers and/or fruit are produced
• … and be able to state/identify/describe any other distinguishing features of these phyla that are noted in you lab manual 9e.g., rhizoids, sori, cones, the sporophytes vs. gametophyte generation…etc).

part 3

1. List the general characteristic of fungi that distinguish them from members of other multicellular kingdoms (i.e. Plants and Animals).
2. State at least two characteristics of fungi that support the hypothesis that they are more closely related to animals than to plants (i.e. what are some features found in fungi and animals, but not in plants?).
3. Explain how fungi acquire their nutrients.
4. Describe the basic body plan of a multicellular fungus.
5. State what a yeast is.
6. Differentiate between coenocytic and septate fungi.
7. Draw/fill-in/answer questions related to a diagram illustrating the basic (generalized) lifecycle of a fungus, including asexual and sexual reproduction. Identify the haploid, diploid, and heterokaryotic stages, and define plasmogamy and karyogamy.
8. State the function of a fungal fruiting body
9. Explain the significance of cyanobacteria to the evolution of life on Earth and the important roles cyanobacteria play in ecosystems.
10. Identify specimens of any of the cyanobacteria colony, and state the significance (role) of these cells.
11. Explain why it s that people who cannot tolerate milk can often eat yogurt.
12. Given the results of the gram stain, be able to identify which bacteria are Gram positive and which are gram negative
13. Define zone of inhibition.
14. Given a plate (or and image of a plate) that has been incubated with bacteria and antibiotic discs, identify which antibiotic(s) the bacterium was sensitive to, which antibiotic(s) the bacterium was resistant to, and justify your answer by explaining how/why the zones of inhibition form and what a larger zone means. → Hint: Your answer should refer to the concentration antibiotic as it diffuses in to the agar.
15. Explain how pathogenic bacteria may acquire antibiotic resistance, how antibiotic resistance can quickly spread through a bacterial population, and how misuse of antibiotics an promote prevalence of resistant strains → Hint: Your answer should refer to mutations , lateral/horizontal gene transfer, rapid reduction in bacteria, and natural selection (i.e. change environment with addition of antibiotic → resistant strains favored)

16. Briefly explain why antibiotics are effective at killing bacterial cells, but do not seem to impact human sells. → Hint: This is in your assignment.

part 4

1. State several characteristics of Archaea that distinguish this group from Bacteria.
2. Distinguish between halophile, thermophiles, and methanogens.
3. List the major characteristics that define domain Bacteria
4. Differentiate between cocci, bacilli, and spirilli.
5. Define “endospores” and explain how endospores have contributed to the success of some bacteria.
6. Differentiate between the following modes of nutrition: photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph and chemoheterotroph.
7. Differentiate between obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes.
8. Understand/explain sterile technique. Both when pouring plates and spreading bacteria on plates.
9. Distinguish between the structure of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and clearly explain how these differences allow the Gram staining procedure to differentiate between these groups (this will require both explaining how the Gram staining procedure is carried out and how differences in morphology of these two groups of bacteria result in different end colors).

part 5

1. Define “taxonomy”.
2. Define “binomial nomenclature” and know how to properly write an organism’s scientific name.
3. List the major taxonomic categories or the current hierarchical classification system, from the most to least inclusive.
4. Describe Linnaeus’ original two kingdom classification and name two shortcomings of this scheme.
5. List three Domains
6. State the guidelines/rules for properly building a dichotomous key and/or identify errors in an example a dichotomous key and/or build a dichotomous key using a given set of specimens

Answer 1

1. The Zygomycota is the most primitive of the terrestrial fungi. The Zygospore produces asexual spores called sporangiospores that are produced in sporangia borne on stalks called sporangiophores. This is why the Zygomycota is closely related to the aquatic fungi. All the spores involved in asexual reproduction are haploid. Asexual reproduction in Ascomycetes involved the formation of spores called conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. The conidia of Ascomycetes vary in size and shape and may be multicellular. scomycetes contain no sporangia. The conidiophores develop directly on the tips of modified aerial hyphae called conidiophores. When released they are windblown.

2. Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic relationship between fungal hyphae and toots of vascular plants. The fungal hyphae assist the uptake of minerals by the plant and receive organic nutrients from the plant. Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between certain fungi and algae in which the fungi provide inorganic food and the algae provide organic food. Lichens do not have green leaves or a stem. The fruiting bodies and alga (green or dark green pigments) by exposing the upper cortex with blade differentiate lichens from fungi.

3. Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, it include mosses, liverworts and hornworts. The bryophytes are non-vascular plants so they lack the structural support to stand erect in.

4. Xylem is the vascular tissue that transports water and mineral solutes upward through the plant body. It contains vessel elements tracheids. Phloem is the vascular tissue that conducts organic solutes in plants. It contains sieve tube cells and companion cells.