Question

1. Write a comprehensive note on the process of transcription?

2. Write a short note on how mature mRNA is produced in eukaryotes?

3. What are the roles of loading buffer/loading dye, DNA marker and an ethidium bromide in a gel electrophoresis?

4. During DNA isolation, how the DNA purification can be achieved and why the DNA purity is important in Agricultural biotechnology?

5. What is the role of different restriction endonucleases in agricultural biotechnology?

6. Write a note on the importance of molecular markers in agriculture?

7.      Define plant transformation, also explain

(i) a vector-mediated gene transfer and

(ii) one method from direct DNA transfer?

8. Define biocontrol agent and write a short note on the mechanism of action of a biocontrol agent?

9.      Write a short note on how the synthetic seed are produced?

Answer 1

Write a comprehensive note on the process of transcription?

Transcription is the process of copying the information from DNA molecule to a new messenger RNA moelcule in the presence of enzyme called RNA polymerase which link nucleotides to form an RNA strand. It involes 3 stages called  initiation, elongation, and termination.

Write a short note on how mature mRNA is produced in eukaryotes?

Pre RNA in the nucleus are produced by DNA transcription which then undergo post transcriptional modifications such as splicing and addition of 5' cap and poly-A tail, to become a matured RNA in the nucleus. RNA splicing and excision of introns from exons by sn RNPare steps of RNA maturation.

What are the roles of loading buffer/loading dye, DNA marker and an ethidium bromide in a gel electrophoresis?

Loading buffer aids in migration of the sample, provides color and density. Ethidium bring between omide helps in visualizing DNA in AGE by intercalating the nitrogenous bases of DNA which fluoresces under UV light. Loading dye gives density tot he sample and helps in loading into the wells. It also helps to visualize the sample and ts migration in the loading buffer. DNA markers are standard size DNAstrands whicha cts as a positive control and standard to estiamte the size of the unkown sample.

During DNA isolation, how the DNA purification can be achieved and why the DNA purity is important in Agricultural biotechnology?

Fibe basic steps to achieve  DNA purification are: Create lysate by disruption of the cellular structure; isolate DNA from debris; binding of DNA on purification matrix; wasshing and elution of DNA. Seed purification identity rely on high high specificity, selectivity, simplicity, accuracy and genetic stability which make it important in the field of agricultural biotechnology.