Question

Lab Activity 4: Identifying APA Style in Journals

For this activity, please read the following question that are answer at the bottom and answer the following questions at the top. ( Note: At the bottom there already answer there that you can use to help you out with solving the answer)

Lee, K., Talwar, V., McCarthy, A., Ross, I., Evans, A., & Arruda, C. (2014). Can classic moral stories promote honesty in children? Psychological Science, 25, 1630-1636.

1. After reading through the abstract of the article, answer the following questions.

            a. How many studies were conducted in this article? What were the studies about?

  b. Who were the participants of the studies?

     c. In general, what was presented to the participants of the studies? Is this an independent or dependent variable?

     d. In general, what was the dependent variable of the studies?

  e. In general, what were the results of the first study? What were the results of the second study?

2. The first part of the article reflects which section of an APA style paper?

3. In the Method section of the first study, what were the two subsections of this section? Briefly describe what each subsection focused on.

4. What information did you learn from the Results section of the first study?

5. Looking at Experiment 2, why did they decide to conduct a second study?

6. Looking at the Method section, how were the participants the same as the previous study? How were they different?

7. What procedures were different in the second study than in the first study?

8. What were the results of the second study?

9. Briefly summarize what they talked about in the General Discussion section?

----------Information that can be used to help with question for this topic.

Explain why, specifically, the three stories utilized in Experiment 1 were chosen as modes of researching honesty in children for this experiment. How do these stories differ from each other in a way that can be accurately tested? [Introduction] The experimenters chose these stories because parents and teachers regularly use them to promote honesty in children. The three stories use different methods to promote honesty; one promotes honestly in immediate negative consequence (Pinocchio’s nose grows immediately); one teaches that the consequences to lying are long-term (the boy who cries wolf lies so often that no one believes him when the wolf finally comes); the last teaches positive consequences of honesty (George Washington’s father rewards and commends him after he confesses to cutting down the cherry tree).

2. Explain the modified temptation-resistance task used in this experiment. Do you think this is a good task for measuring lying in children? Why or why not? [Methods — Materials and Procedure] Participants played a game with the experimenter that required identifying a type of toy by the sound it made; the children sat with their back to a table, and the experimenter pressed a sound-toggle button on a toy. The children were asked to guess what the toy was. Then, the experimenter said that s/he needed to get a book from the car, placed a new toy on the table, and instructed the participant not to look at the toy. Then, the experimenter returned with a book and read the story that matched the condition. Afterwards, the experimenter asked the children if they peeked at the toy while the experimenter was gone. Responses to the opinion portion of the question will vary.

3. What were the hypotheses for the three stories presented? Be sure to differentiate these predictions between the younger and older children. The authors predicted that the cheaters who heard “the boy who cried wolf” would be more included than cheaters who heard the other stories to confess to cheating (due to the fatal consequences of lying in the story). They also predicted this effect would only be seen in older children because they have a better understanding of death. They expected that children who heard “Pinocchio” would be more likely to confess their cheating behavior across age groups, because the consequences of lying (in this case) involve public humiliation – something that should be relatable across age groups. They also predicted that “George Washington and the Cherry Tree” would be effective in promoting honesty across age groups because the story features the benefits of honesty.

4. Explain the purpose behind why “The Tortoise and the Hare” was used in this experiment. The story “The Tortoise and the Hare” was told in the control condition, because it didn’t involve lying nor discussed the consequences.

5. The children in Experiment 1 were coded into three separate groups. What were these and how was this coding procedure conducted? Non-Peekers, Peekers who lied (liars), and Peekers who confessed (confessors). Peeking was operationalized as the presence or absence of a 90o head turn when the researcher was away. Peekers who confessed when the researcher asked, were coded as confessors; peekers who lied when the researcher asked were coded as liars.

6. Based on the results from Experiment 1, what answer did the authors get to their research question? The researchers found that hearing “George Washington and the Cherry Tree” promoted honesty in children.

7. What was added for Experiment 2, and what was the purpose of adding this factor? The authors changed the story slightly in Exp 2, because they hypothesized that the GW story promoted honesty by illustrating the benefits of honesty, rather than the implications of dishonesty. To test this, they added a new GW story condition but changed the classic ending to focus on the implications of lying.

Answer 1

a. Two experiments were conducted for this study. The aim of the study was to assess whether classic moral stories promoted honesty among children.

b. The participants in the study were children aged between 3 to 7 years, recruited from metropolitan cities in Canada.

c. Four different stories were presented to the participants. This represents the different levels of the independent variable.

d. The dependent variable of the study is honesty.

e. From the results of the first experiment, it was found that one particular story (George Washington and the Cherry Tree) lead participants to lie significantly lesser in comparison to the control group. This finding was further investigated by the second experiment, the results of which revealed that modifying the message of the story (George Washington and the Cherry Tree) such that it no longer emphasised the positive effects of honesty but emphasises the negative impact of dishonesty had no significant impact on the participants’ honesty.

Please post the other questions separately as we are supposed to answer just one question or four sub parts of a question.