In: Psychology
Various theories of human development exist within the field of psychology, although the role of culture differs among them. Some theories are considered universal and, thus, assume that an individual will develop similarly regardless of the culture in which he or she is raised. Yet, other theories assume that the developmental niche or ecological context of the individual has more of an influence on the individual. For example, Piaget’s theory of cognitive development assumes that everyone reaches the final stage of cognition regardless of his or her culture. In contrast, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory suggests that culture is influential in human development.
For this Discussion, select two major theories of human development that interest you.
Consider the similarities and differences in how these theories explain cultural influences on human development.
With these thoughts in mind:
1. A brief description of the two theories of human development that you selected.
2. Then, compare the major components of the two theories.
3. Finally, describe which theory best explains the influence of culture on human development and why.
Support your responses using the Learning Resources and the current literature.
Erickson | Kohlberg |
Trust vs. Mistrust- Infants learn either to trust that others will care for their basic needs, including nourishment, warmth, cleanliness, and physical contact, or to lack confidence in the care of others. | No moral development happens. |
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt- Children learn either to be self-sufficient in many activities, including toileting, feeding, walking, exploring, and talking or they doubt their own abilities. | No moral development happens. |
Initiative vs. Guilt- Children want to undertake many adult-like activities, sometimes overstepping the limits set by parents and feeling guilty. | Preconventional Morality is a matter of good or bad, based on a system of punishments. |
Industry vs. Inferiority- Children learn to be competent and productive in mastering new skills, or feel inferior and are unable to do anything well. | Conventional Level- Morality seen as following the rules of society. Tries to be “good.” Following laws,rules etc. |
Identity vs. Role Confusion- Adolescents try to figure out who they are and their purpose in life.They establish sexual, career identities or are confused about what roles to play. | Postconventional- Morality consists of standards beyond specific group or authority figure. |
Intimacy vs. Isolation- Young adults seek companionship and love with another person or become isolated from others by fearing rejection. | |
Generativity vs. Stagnation- Middle-aged adults contribute to the next generation by performing meaningful work, creative activities, and/or raising a family, or become stagnant and inactive. | |
Integrity vs. Despair- Older adults try to make sense out of their lives, whether seeing life as a meaningful whole or despairing at goals never reached and questions never answered. |