Question

How systems biology approaches can be utilized to engineer microbial production strains for biofuels and chemicals?

How can scientists utilize systems biology approaches to figure out how commensal and pathogenic microbiota modulate the host signaling, immune response, and other factors?

please answer both questions

Answer 1

1. microbial production of biological Strain can occur at large level by the use of bioreactors. Bioreactors are large vessels which are used for the growth and production of cells and the components and products produced by the cells.

In Bioreactor all nutrients are supplemented depends upon the demand and all physical, chemical and biological conditions are maintained for thei growth.

after the production of cells we can separate cells from bioreactor and isolate desired components from cell.

Answer 2.

Pathogenic molecule can be any foreign particle bacterial, viral and fungal cells or any other microorganisms. sometime Eukaryotic cells also act as pathogen and induces immune response and cell signalling in the host. when a pathogen or any molecule takes country in the body of host so it induces the activation of immune system and foreign particle reorganization system.

The basic steps of recognisation and deactivation of microbial particle:

1. first of all pathogen take entry in the body of host by skin or any other opening of body.

2. pathogen moves to the target part of the host and then do their metabolic activity or growth.

3. due to the metabolic activity and growth of pathogen itself it somehow affects the host and interact with host body part or tissues.

4. pathogen unintentionally generates negative effect on the body of host.

5. host body recognises that a foreign particle present in the body and activate the immume system of the host and try to kill or inactivate that pathogens.

when any foreign particle comes IT Act as an antigen for the body and recognised by the antibodies present and host body and some time immune cells binded with antibody recognizes this antigen and shows antigen-antibody binding. these antibody presenting cells are mainly B cells andT cells. when B cell bounds with antigen it converts into plasma cells which secretes antibodies and memory cells with generates memories against that pathogen for further stimuli. plasma cells secretes antibody which binds to that antigen and then this antigen antibody complex is represented to T cell.

T cells are of two types: cytotoxic cell and T helper cell.

cytotoxic cells digest the pathogenic cell or pathogen infected cell.

the immune system is more Complex process which involves multiple Pathways activation at a single time like B cell activation t cell activation antibody production and complement system activation.

complement system activation is a activation of a system which is composed of multiple proteins and helps in the protection of host body by destroying pathogen.