Question

List the 6 different steps in systematic design process and explain each step.

Answer 1

A systematic design process consists of following 6 steps:

1. Identification or recognition of a need

Before starting any design process, we must have a 'Need' to execute the same. Examples for this 'Need' can be given as:

(a) The noise levels of a machine have increased and there is a need to decrease this sound level.

(b) The fuel efficiency of a motor vehicle has decreased by large amount and hence there is a need to increase the efficiency.

There can be very large number of examples of identifying a need.

To conclude, the first step writes down a 'Title' for the problem statement of design process.

2. Definition of problem:

This step involves translating the need into engineering problem. In short, it involves carefully writing out a detailed problem statement.

The first step is only a vague description of what we want to achieve. In the second step, problem is defined more specifically. During problem definition, all the inputs and outputs need to be included.

For instance, take the case of increasing fuel efficiency.

In the second step, we would specify inputs such as fuel used, fuel flow rate, air-fuel ratio, driving conditions etc. and would define the required output such as the desired fuel efficiency, desired power output, overall comfort, costs etc.

3. Synthesis:

The synthesis step demands creativity and an engineering mind. It involves invention or conceptualization of designs. Many designs or schemes or plans will be proposed, thought upon and then shaped into engineering calculations for quantifying the design output.

For instance, in the example of fuel efficiency, the design team would come up with a new invention for combustion chambers or for reducing friction losses etc. to increase fuel efficiency.

4. Analysis and optimization:

In this step, there is a critical examination of the proposed design to determine if its performance is in compliance with the requirements. Various designs proposed in the step 3 are analysed and an optimum one is selected.

5. Evaluation:

Evaluation involves making a prototype of the proposed design and testing it in real time or also by using a computer software. It is the final testing of the design before presenting it. The performance parameters are again checked before final confirmation.

For example, if a new type of combustion chamber has been invented which is proposed to provide a better mixing of fuel with air. In the evaluation step, the combustion chamber would me analysed, probably by using a computer software, to examine temperatures and stresses at various regions and the required fuel efficiency. If the results are not in compliance with the requirements the design will be modified and the analyses are repeated again till it gives satisfactory performance.

6. Presentation:

This is the last step in the design process but a very crucial one. A large number of inventions or designs go un-noticed just because of poor presentation of the design to others. An effective presentation convinces others of the effectiveness and uniqueness of the proposed design which is highly important to the translate the design into actual product.