Question

1 Which of the following is NOT a way in which parents promote the development of prosocial behavior in their children?

		through modeling
		by communicating values
		by providing opportunities for prosocial activities
		through overly harsh parenting practices

2 Which is TRUE?

		There are many more gender differences than people generally assume.
		There are more differences between males and females than among the members of one sex.
		There are more similarities between males and females than there are differences between them.
		When there are gender differences, all males differ from all females.

3 All of the following statements are criticisms of evolutionary psychology theories of gender differences described in the text EXCEPT:

		it explains male behavior better than it explains female behavior.
		its claims cannot be tested.
		it uses circular reasoning.
		it rationalizes current gender role inequalities

4 Which of the following statements is supported by child psychological research?

		Help at-risk children early, before children's lives are even more negatively affected.
		Help at-risk children later, when you can better assess their problems.
		The time at which you help at-risk children does not affect the effectiveness of the intervention.
		At-risk children can rarely be helped.

Answer 1

1.

through modeling- parents teach their children a lot through modeling, children learn to adopt prosocial behavior when parents set the right example by showing/modeling prosocial behavior.

by communicating values- parents inculcate the values in children and children learn these values as they feel these values are socially acceptable and the right way to do things

by providing opportunities for prosocial behavior- parents can provide these opportunities to make their child learn to practice prosocial behavior in natural and real settings, practicing it in reality and strengthen the behavior. Children learn it by doing it.

through overly harsh parenting practice- parents who are overly harsh and strict with their children create feelings of anxiety, guilt, and negativity. A positive environment can only help children to learn prosocial behavior and a negative environment where parents are harsh only shows the negative aspects of relationships so how will they even learn to be positive outside their homes. This is the method which does not help parents inculcate prosocial behavior in their children

2.

There are many more gender differences than people generally assume. - Gender differences have never been naturally present rather they have been created by our society, forefathers, and people.

There are more differences between males and females than among the members of one sex. - if you see from the physiology perspective, there are only a few physiological differences between men and women but the other differences between these genders have been created by the society

There are more similarities between males and females than there are differences between them. - Women and men have physiological differences but psychologically they are more similar than one can think, the course of development is also similar, the effect of parenting style is also similar, etc. Brain structure is similar as well.

When there are gender differences, all males differ from all females - No this is not true as some males can be similar to some females.

The answer would be there are more similarities between males & females than there are differences between them.

3.

it explains male behavior better than it explains female behavior - no this is not the case as evolutionary psychology does not explain the behavior of males better than females

its claims cannot be tested. - yes, this is a valid criticism as the claims of evolutionary psychology cannot be tested

it uses circular reasoning. - circular reasoning is beginning with a logical argument with which a person intends to end with. this is also a criticism of evolutionary psychology

it rationalizes current gender role inequalities - yes, evolutionary psychology tries to rationalize the gender roles based upon how things were meant to be since the beginning of human life on earth.

The answer is the first option it explains male behavior better than it explains female behavior

4.

Help at-risk children early, before children's lives are even more negatively affected. Helping children who are at risk can help them before they are affected more due to several circumstances. This can prevent them from further damage to their physical and mental health

Help at-risk children later, when you can better assess their problems- Waiting for more time to help the children at risk can lead to much heavy damage to them which cannot even be possible to reverse or treat completely, so waiting for further damage exposes them to a much higher risk of developing mental health issues even psychosis.

The time at which you help at-risk children does not affect the effectiveness of the intervention- The time does surely have an effect on children who are at risk, the time matters a lot to the intervention provided.

At-risk children can rarely be helped. They can be helped with the rightly trained, professional, and extremely empathetic mental health professionals to help them overcome their difficulties and provide the right approach of therapy to fix their issues

So, the answer is Help at-risk children early, before children's lives are even more negatively affected.