Question

Describe the proposed evolutionary basis. Explain the processes involved in these forces on empathy and prosocial behavior.

Answer 1

The evolutionary basis of behavior

The foundation of evolutionary theory was laid down by Charles Darwin, who gave the following explanations about evolutionary processes:

• The evolutionary processes have shaped the body, as well as mind. These processes govern various psychological mechanisms, and thus, behavior in humans.
• These psychological mechanisms are designed to be such adaptations that lead to the resolution of problems. In historical times, these problems included issues of survival and reproduction.
• The adaptations in the current scenario differ slightly from the historical scenario and these are environment-activated. However, adaptations are made for survival and reproduction.
• Darwin had proposed two key theories regarding these – the theory of natural selection and the theory of sexual selection. Later, other theories like fitness theory gave an insight into aspects like family or sexual conflicts.

Empathy and prosocial behavior in the context of evolutionary processes

Within the evolutionary context, empathy and prosocial behavior are also the result of adaptations. The evolutionary basis suggests that all humans are empathetic and prosocial primates. This is evident from their division of labor, cooperation to humans beyond their close kinship, sharing of food, etc. The prosocial behavior of humans is driven by empathy, in addition to their concern for the mankind’s welfare.

Further, the evolutionary approach suggests that prosocial behavior in primates has been documented, but its range has been limited to such behavior displayed in kindship and between mates. This shows that social preferences also govern empathy and prosocial behavior. Additionally, humans may be both selfish and empathetic for others’ welfare. Selfishness may occur to support their individual fitness. Humans who display prosocial behavior bear its cost by reducing their relative fitness, and natural selection does not favor this type of prosocial behavior.

Apart from this, prosocial behavior evolves from 'selection' when it is about kin selection and reciprocal prosocial behavior. This means that humans adapt to such behavior to confer its benefits on those displaying the same behavior, including close relatives and family members. In this case, empathy and resulting prosocial behavior is not a general predisposition for all humans. There have been many experimental studies indicating that humans care about their own welfare, as well as the welfare of others, even when there may be conflicts between prosocial behavior and self-interest due to certain factors. Thus, prosocial behavior can be explained as a problem-solving adaptation, which is a universal behavior mechanism according to evolutionary basis.