Question

24. List examples of selfish behavior, cooperative behavior, altruistic behavior, and spiteful behavior.

Answer 1

Ans .1) Selfish behavior occurs when one individual benefits at the expense of other.

example of Selfish behavior:-

(i) In birds , females sometime exhibit egg-dumping behavior or intraspecific brood parasitism ( that is , the laying of eggs in nests of other pairs, thus parasitizing their parental care).

2) Cooperative behaviors are an evolutionary response to reduce the competition between members of same species( ultimately making them more competitive against species).

examples of Cooperative behavior :-

(i) Buffalo and other such animals group together (herd). This makes it difficult for predators to attack a single buffalo.Animals often form defensive circles, all facing outwards so that their rears are not exposed and their young ( in the centre ) are protected.

(ii) Pack hunting (Animals such as wolves hunt in packs so that they can kill larger animals).

3) Altruistic behavior :- It refers to behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor.

example of Altruistic behavior :-

(i) Honeybee workers may forage for the colony

(ii) Vampire bats regularly regurgitate blood and donate it to other members of their group who have failed to feed that night , ensuring they do not starve.

4) Spiteful behavior :- This behavior is motivated by being hurt. When someone says something with malicios intent to hurt , to get their point across, thry are being spiteful.

examples of Spiteful behavior :-

(i) In Copidosoma floridanum ( These wasps lay their eggs in the egg of moth, Trichoplusia ni. The host larva as a fourth instar is shown at top. Copidosoma fight for resources as they consume caterpillars).