Question

Immigration and Immigrant experience in Canada

 Describe the main historic features of post-Confederation immigration.

 Account for the timing of immigrant waves.

 Identify the goals of immigration policy and the forces that led to changes.

 Assess the strategies employed by immigrant groups and communities to achieve success in Canada

Answer 1

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A) Describe the main historic features of post-Confederation immigration.

Abstract

Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914) is the history of a new nation from its formation to the with a population of 115,000, Montreal was the largest city, followed by Immigrants were bypassing Canada for the fast-growing United States.

The history of immigration is, simultaneously, the history of emigration. It is very much about the motivations of people who choose to leave behind what they and generations of their forebears knew and built.

The rather inelegant dichotomy of “pushes” and “pulls” fails to take into consideration other countervailing forces but it does serve to remind us that people here were once people there.

At the beginning of emigration, the main reason was the lack of hope for breaking the cycle of poverty that affected many families.

Later came labour unrest, when participants were blacklisted and unable to find work. Other push factors included i.e. compulsory military duty for young men, degrading class distinctions, restrictions on the right to vote, the lack of a democratic spirit, the dominant position of the church, and personal reasons, such as escaping from a debt or an unhappy marriage.

B) Account for the timing of immigrant waves.

The early immigrants were primarily Protestants from northwestern Europe, as can be seen from the ethnic breakdown of the U.S. population in the first census of 1790: English 49%, African 19%, Scots-Irish 8%, Scottish 7%, German 7%, Dutch 4%, French 3%, other 3%.

The United States experienced major waves of immigration during the colonial era, the first part of the 19th century and from the 1880s to 1920. Many immigrants came to America seeking greater economic opportunity, while some, such as the Pilgrims in the early 1600s, arrived in search of religious freedom.

C) Goals of immigration policy and the forces that led to changes.

The four evident goals of current immigration law are family reunification, refugee sheltering, the labor force needs of the economy, and "reverse diversification" of the sources of immigration.

Common goal was absorptive capacity" of the economy has affected immigration levels, with alternating periods of large inflows targeted at specific economic goals and periods of drastic cutbacks in numbers during economic downturns.

By abandoning the concept of absorptive capacity, as traditionally defined, Canada's current immigration policy is dramatically different from historical norms.

This is signalled most clearly by the failure to cut back the number of immigrants during the labour market difficulties of the 1990s.

D) Strategies employed by immigrant groups and communities to achieve success in Canada

Canada goes to comparatively great lengths to help immigrants assimilate by providing them with orientation programs, skills training, social services, and pathways to citizenship.

Recent immigrants themselves are far more likely than native born Canadians to initially have low incomes, with income and employment rates increasing towards the national average with more time spent in Canada.

However, highly educated newcomers can also negatively affect the wages of less educated native workers by accepting lower-paid jobs to gain Canadian work experience.

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