Question

Q.1: Wound healing

Wound healing is the process by which skin or other body tissue repairs itself after trauma:

Please develop the phases of the process of wound healing:

Ø Hemostasis (blood clotting):

·                              

Ø Inflammation:

·                             

Ø Proliferation (growth of new tissue)

·                              

Ø Maturation (remodeling):

·                             

Q.2:

A- Thalassemias (Mediterranean or Cooley's anemia)

Ø Definition and the clinical features of red blood cells:

·                              

Ø Thalassemia major and its clinical features:

·                              

Ø Management and Complications:

·                             

Q.3: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Ø Definition & General Aspect:

·                            

Ø Pathophysiology:

·                             

Ø Cause:

·                             

Ø Signs and symptoms:

·           

Ø Management (recommendations):

·                   

Answer 1

1) WOUND HEALING PROCESS.

• Hemostasis (blood clotting):Hemostasis is the process of the wound being closed by clotting.it starts when blood leaks out of the body.when blood vessels constrict to restrict the blood flow, platelets
  stick together in order to seal the break in the wall of the blood vessel. Finally, coagulation occurs and
  reinforces the platelet plug with threads of fibrin
• Inflammation: when the injured blood vessels leak transudate causing localized swelling. Inflammation both controls bleeding and prevents infection. During the inflammatory phase, damaged cells, pathogens, and bacteria are removed from the wound area.
• Proliferation (growth of new tissue):It occurs when the wound is rebuilt with new tissue made up of collagen and extracellular matrix. In the proliferative phase, the wound contracts as new tissues are built. In addition, a new network of blood vessels must be constructed so that the granulation tissue can be healthy and receive sufficient oxygen and nutrients.
• Maturation (remodeling): It occurs when collagen is remodeled from type III to type I and the wound fully closes. The cells  that had been used to repair the wound but which are no longer needed are removed by apoptosis, or programmed cell death.

2)Thalassemia (Mediterranean or Cooley's anemia)

• Thalassemia is a condition in which complete lack of beta protein in the hemoglobin causes a life-threatening anemia that requires regular blood transfusions and extensive ongoing medical care.it will less the hemoglobin count than normal. Hemoglobin enables red blood cells to carry oxygen, thus can cause anemia.
• Thalassemia major is the most severe form of beta thalassemia. It develops when beta globin genes are missing. The symptoms of thalassemia major generally appear before a child's second birthday. The severe anemia related to this condition can be life-threatening.Affected individuals also have fussiness,paleness,frequent infections,poor appetite,failure to thrive,jaundice, which is a yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes,enlarged organs.
• Thalassemia is a serious illness that can lead to life-threatening complications when left untreated or undertreated.In severe cases, heart failure is a possibility. Other complications include liver disease, abnormal skeletal growth, and endocrine issues

3) COPD

• COPD is group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe.Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the most common conditions.It's typically caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. People with COPD are at increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer and a variety of other conditions.

• COPD results from the combined processes of peripheral airway inflammation and narrowing of the airways.This leads to airflow limitation and the destruction and loss of alveoli, terminal bronchioles and surrounding capillary vessels and tissues,and leads to decreased gas transfer capacity . Reduced airflow on exhalation leads to air trapping, resulting in reduced inspiratory capacity, which may cause breathlessness on exertion and reduced exercise capacity. Abnormalities in gas transfer occur due to reduced airflow and as a result of loss of alveolar structure and pulmonary vascular bed. hypoxaemia and hypercapnia result from impaired gas transfer and can worsen as the disease inevitably progresses.

• The main cause of COPD is tobacco smoking. Breathing in smoke and its chemicals can injure the airways and air sacs.Exposure to secondhand smoke, environmental chemicals, and even fumes from gas burned for cooking in poorly ventilated buildings can also lead to COPD.

• A long term cough,shortness of breath while performing daily activities,frequent respiratory, infections ,fatigue, producing more mucus than usual,wheezing,a feeling of tightness in the chest,swelling in the ankles,feet, or legs,weight loss,reduced muscle strength.

• Smoking cessation is also the most effective treatment of COPD,Eat right and exercise,Get rest,Take medications correctly,Use oxygen appropriately,Avoid infections.