Question

What is a good reference for Why prostatitis and infection happens? The reference need to be after 2016.

Answer 1

Prostatitis can be caused by bacteria that leak into the prostate gland from the urinary tract (the most common bacterial cause) and from direct extension or lymphatic spread from the rectum. It can also result from various sexually transmitted organisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, or HIV.

Prostatitis is swelling and inflammation of the prostate gland, a walnut-sized gland situated directly below the bladder in men. The prostate gland produces fluid (semen) that nourishes and transports sperm.

Prostatitis often causes painful or difficult urination. Other symptoms include pain in the groin, pelvic area or genitals and sometimes flu-like symptoms.

Prostatitis affects men of all ages but tends to be more common in men 50 or younger. The condition has a number of causes. Sometimes the cause isn't identified. If prostatitis is caused by a bacterial infection, it can usually be treated with antibiotics.

Depending on the cause, prostatitis can come on gradually or suddenly. It might improve quickly, either on its own or with treatment. Some types of prostatitis last for months or keep recurring (chronic prostatitis).

Symptoms
Prostatitis signs and symptoms depend on the cause. They can include:

Pain or burning sensation when urinating (dysuria)
Difficulty urinating, such as dribbling or hesitant urination
Frequent urination, particularly at night (nocturia)
Urgent need to urinate
Cloudy urine
Blood in the urine
Pain in the abdomen, groin or lower back
Pain in the area between the sc rotum and rectum (perineum)
Pain or discomfort of the pe nis or testicles
Painful ejaculation
Flu-like signs and symptoms (with bacterial prostatitis)

Complications

Complications of prostatitis can include:

Bacterial infection of the blood (bacteremia)

Inflammation of the coiled tube attached to the back of the testicle (epididymitis)

Pus-filled cavity in the prostate (prostatic abscess)

Semen abnormalities and infertility, which can occur with chronic prostatitis