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In: Nursing

What are the signs of opioid withdrawal? What are some medical uses of marijuana or cannabinoids...

What are the signs of opioid withdrawal?

What are some medical uses of marijuana or cannabinoids

Name 3 adverse effects of general anesthetics and the nursing care appropriate to help with these effects.

Why are local anesthetics with epinephrine not used near toes, fingers, noses, ears, or penis? Describe balanced anesthesia.

Solutions

Expert Solution

What are the signs of opioid withdrawal?

What are some medical uses of marijuana or cannabinoids

Name 3 adverse effects of general anesthetics and the nursing care appropriate to help with these effects.

Why are local anesthetics with epinephrine not used near toes, fingers, noses, ears, or penis? Describe balanced anesthesia.

Answer

1.signs of opiod withdrawal depends upon the drug we use .symptoms within 24 hrs

1.Muscle ache

2. Restlessness

3.Anxiety

4.Lacrimation

5.Runny nose

6.excesive sweating

7.inability to sleep

8.yawning very often

Leter symptoms , begins after first day are:

1. diarrhoea

2.abdominal cramping

goose bumps on the skin

4.nausea and vomitting

5.dialted pupils and posibly blurred vision

6.rapid heart beat

7.high blood pressure

Babies born to mothers who are addicted or have used opiod while pregnant often experience withdrawal symptoms

1.digestive issues

2.poor feeding

3.dehydration

4.vomitting

5.seizure

MEDICAL USES OF CANNABINOIDS

1Reduce anxiety

2Reduce inflammation and relieve pain

3.Control nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy

4.Kill cancer cells and slow tumor growth

5.Relax tight muscles in people with multiple sclerosis

6.Stimulate appetite and improve weight gain in people with cancer and AIDS

MEDICAL USES OF MARIJUANA

1.Muscle spasms caused by multiple sclerosis

2.Nausea from cancer chemotherapy

3.Poor appetite and weight loss caused by chronic illness, such as HIV, or nerve pain

4.To treat Seizure disorders

5.To treat Crohn's disease

3 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF GENERAL ANESTHETICS AND NURSING CARE

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF GENERAL ANAESTHETICS NURSING CARE
1.TEMPORARY CONFUSION AND MEMORY LOSS Decreses anxiety of the patient by reinforcing sense of control.provode continuity of care.Respect the emotion of the patient.Keep client's sleep-wake cycle as normal as possible (e.g., avoid letting client take daytime naps, avoid waking clients at night, give sedatives but not diuretics at bedtime, provide pain relief and backrubs). Acute confusion is accompanied by disruption of the sleep-wake cycle.
• Maintain normal sleep/wake patterns (treat with bright light for 2 hours in the early evening). This facilitates normal sleep/wake patterns .
• Monitor for acute changes in cognition and behavior. An acute change in cognition and behavior is the classic presentation of delirium. It should be considered a medical emergency.

• Teach family to recognize signs of early confusion and seek medical help. Early intervention prevents long-term complications.
2.DIZZINESS .Avoid fall
.keep the bed lowest position
. place the call light witn the reach
. do not leave the patient aun attented
use side rails to avoid falls
move the patient to room that is near nurses station
teach patient to move slowly
encourage family members to stay with the patient always
implememt fall prevention
keep bed side free fromanything that can get injured
3.FEELING COLD

.Regulate environmental temperature

.give extra covering to patient

.provide extra heat source, heat lamp, warm pads,warm blanket,moistured oxygen, warmed iv fluids if needed.

. check for body temperatute and maintain the normal temperature.

. watch for hypotension

WHY EPINEPHRINE INDUCED ANESTHETICS NOT USED IN FINGERS NOSE EARS AND TOES?

Epinephrine induced anaesthetics may cause tisuuse necrosis and gangrene also less tisuue perfusion this was the reason to avoid epinephrine in local anaethesia. but in these days this is considered as a myth.and certain studies done on this.

BALANCED ANAESTHESIA

anesthesia produced by smaller doses of two or more agents considered safer than the usual large dose of a single agent

Balanced anesthesia allows us to minimize patient risk and maximize patient comfort and safety. The objectives of balanced anesthesia are to calm the patient, minimize pain, and

reduce the potential for adverse effects associated with analgesic and anesthetic agents.

Calming the patient is important to allow for ease in handling and to decrease the amount of stress in the patient. As we know, stress can cause tachycardia, tachypnoea, hypertension, and other consequences of catecholamine release. These can all be detrimental to the anesthetized patient. Stress and anxiety contribute to the nociceptive pain process. Some examples of medications that calm the patient are acepromazine, diazepam or midazolam, and medetomidine.

Pain is associated with both elective surgery and trauma. In people, especially pediatric patients, pain has been shown to delay healing, decrease appetite, and contribute to mortality. The best way to control pain is to stop it before it starts. Proper analgesics can also aid in calming the patient, and in decreasing the need for higher doses of inhalant anesthetics. Some examples of analgesics are opioids (such as morphine, buprenorphine, butorphenol, and fentanyl); NSAIDS (such as carprofen, meloxicam, and ketoprofen); local anesthetics (such as lidocaine, and bupivacaine); and NDMA receptor antagonists (ketamine).

The term balanced anesthesia was introduced by Lundy in 1926. Lundy suggested that a balance of agents and techniques be used to produce the different components of anesthesia (i.e., analgesia, amnesia, muscle relaxation, and abolition of autonomic reflexes with maintenance of homeostasis). Anesthesia with a single agent can require doses that produce excessive hemodynamic depression The inclusion of an opioid as a component of balanced anesthesia can reduce preoperative pain and anxiety, decrease somatic and autonomic responses to airway manipulations, improve hemodynamic stability, lower requirements for inhaled anesthetics, and provide immediate postoperative analgesia. [] Although the intent of combining opioids with sedative-hypnotics and/or volatile anesthetics is to produce anesthetic conditions with stable hemodynamics prior to, as well as after, noxious stimulation, this ideal is not always achieved.

The administration of an opioid prior to, rather than after, noxious stimulation attenuates physiologic responses. Opioids interact synergistically and markedly reduce the dose of propofol and other sedative-hypnotics required for loss of consciousness and during noxious stimulation such as skin incision.Opioids can ameliorate or eliminate responses to a rapid sequence induction and other noxious stimuli. The heart rate response to laryngoscopy is better controlled with an opioid than with esmolol.

The timing, rate of administration, and dose of supplemental opioid should be tailored to the specific condition of the patient and the expected duration of the operation in order to avoid postoperative pain or respiratory depression. A large dose of any opioid given shortly before the end of surgery is very likely to result in respiratory depression. Analgesic concentrations of opioids,


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