Question

a) Explain any 5 “Types of properties” with all the “Qualities” associated with each property.

b) Explain the following mechanical properties:

(i) Ductility (ii) Malleability (iii) Tensile strength (iv) Stiffness (v) Toughn

Answer 1

Tensed Properties -

In the philosophy of time (see the entry on time) there is a growing interest in presentism, the view according to which whatevever exists is present. Presentists have the problem of providing truthmakers for true statements about the past, e.g., that Caesar crossed the Rubicon. In an effort to tackle these problems many presentists have appealed to tensed properties or relations (Bigelow 1996; Brogaard 2006), which can be expressed only by making an essential use of tenses. For example, according to Bigelow, there is the property being such that Caesar crossed the Rubicon, which the universe as a whole exemplifies now, despite the fact that neither Caesar nor the event of his crossing the Rubicon subsist.

Purely Qualitative Properties -

Some properties involve or incorporate particulars. The properties of being identical with Harry and being in love with Harry involve Harry. Even those who think that lots of properties exist necessarily often believe that non-qualitative properties like these are contingent; they depend upon Harry, and they only exist in circumstances in which he exists. By contrast, purely qualitative properties (like being a unit negative charge or being in love) do not involve individuals in this way. The distinction between properties that are purely qualitative and those that are not is usually easy to draw in practice, but a precise characterization of it is elusive.

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Properties -

Some properties are instantiated by individuals because of the relations they bear to other things. For example, the property being married is instantiated by Bill Clinton because he is married to Hillary Clinton. Such properties are sometimes called extrinsic or relational properties. Objects have them because of their relations to other things. By contrast, intrinsic or non-relational properties are properties that a thing has quite independently of its relationships to other things. See the entry on intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties for details.

Primary vs. Secondary Properties -

The distinction between primary and secondary properties goes back to the Greek atomists. It lay dormant for centuries, but was revived by Galileo, Descartes, Boyle, Locke, and others during the seventeenth century. Locke’s influence is so pervasive that such properties still often go under the names he gave them, primary and secondary qualities. The untaught idea is that primary properties are objective features of the world; on many accounts they are also fundamental properties that explain why things have the other properties that they do. Early lists of kinds of primary properties included shape, size, and (once Newton’s influence was absorbed) mass. Today we might add charge, spin or the four-vectors of special applicability.By contrast, secondary properties somehow depend on the mind; standard lists of secondary properties include colors, tastes, sounds, and smells.

Linguistic Types -
It is commonplace to contrast linguistic types and tokens. For example, the word ‘dog,’ qua abstract repeatable entity, is a type, but any concrete written or oral realization of it is a token. Admittedly, it is typical to attribute properties to a linguistic type, e.g. being short to the word ‘dog’, but not to attribute the type to one of its tokens; we do not normally say, e.g., that ‘dog’ is possessed by a concrete ink-made mark that we see on a piece of paper. Hence, some may resist the idea that linguistic types are properties whose instances are linguistic tokens. Yet, it is a quite natural view, and if one follows it, such properties should seemingly be conceived of as possibly structured, since words and sentences have parts .

(B) i- Ductility -

Ductility is a calculate of a metal's ability to withstand tensile stress—any force that pulls the two ends of an object away from each other. Ductility is the plastic deformation that takes place in metal as a result of such types of strain. The term "ductile" exactly means that a metal substance is able of being extended into a thin wire without becoming weaker or more brittle in the process.

(ii) Malleability -

Malleability is a physical effects of metals that defines their capacity to be hammered, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets without breaking. Put an other way, it is the property of a metal to deform under compression and take on a new shape.

(iii) Tensile Strength -

Tensile strength, maximum load that a material can bear without fracture when being extended, divided by the original cross-sectional area of the material. Tensile strengths have been taken the dimensions of force per unit area. When stresses less than the tensile strength are separated, a material returns either completely or partially to its original shape and size. As the stress gains the value of the tensile strength, however, a material, if ductile, that has so far begun to flow plastically quickly forms a constricted region called a neck, where it then fractures.

(iv) Stiffness -

In engineering, the term 'stiffness' refers to the rigidity of a structural element. In general terms, this means the extent to which the element is able to resist deformation or deflection under the action of an applied force.

(V) Toughness -

The capability of a metal to deform plastically and to absorb energy in the process before fracture is termed toughness.