Question

Discuss the classification and what disorders it may treat. Give an example of a specific drug belonging to this classification and some common side effects.

Major drug classifications: antipsychotics, antianxiety agents, antidepressants, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), antimanic agents, stimulants, anticholinergics, and herbs and naturopathic remedies.

Answer 1

1) Classifications of :-  1. Antipsychotics :-Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders.Antipsychotic drugs are classified as typical and atypical based on extrapyramidal effects. However, since the frontal cortex is one of the most important regions for antipsychotic actions, this study attempted to classify antipsychotic drugs based on gene expression in the frontal cortex.

Medications available in this class include risperidone(Risperdal), quetiapine(Seroquel), olanzapine(Zyprexa), ziprasidone (Zeldox), paliperidone (Invega),aripiprazole (Abilify) andclozapine (Clozaril).

Formerly known as major tranquilizers and neuroleptics, antipsychotic medications are the main class of drugs used to treat people with schizophrenia. They are also used to treat people with psychosis that occurs in bipolar disorder, depression and Alzheimer's disease.Side effects of antipsychotics can include the following:

• Stiffness and shakiness. ...
• Uncomfortable restlessness(akathisia).
• Movements of the jaw, lips and tongue (tardive dyskinesia).
• Sexual problems due to hormonal changes.
• Sleepiness and slowness.
• Weight gain.
• A higher risk of getting diabetes.
• Constipation.2. Antianxiety Agents :-
• Alprazolam (Xanax)
• Bromazepam (Lectopam, Lexotan)
• Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
• Clonazepam (Klonopin, Rivotril)
• Clorazepate (Tranxene)
• Diazepam (Valium)
• Flurazepam (Dalmane)
• Lorazepam (Ativan)

• Benzodiazepines help treat many kinds of anxiety disorders, including panic disorder,generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Examples of these drugs include: alprazolam (Xanax) chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

  These medications can cause several side effects, such as:

• blurry vision.
• confusion.
• dizziness.
• drowsiness or fatigue.
• headaches.
• loss of memory or concentration.
• problems with balance, coordination, or speech.
• an upset stomach.
• 2) Antianxiety Agents :-
• Alprazolam (Xanax)
• Bromazepam (Lectopam, Lexotan)
• Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
• Clonazepam (Klonopin, Rivotril)
• Clorazepate (Tranxene)
• Diazepam (Valium)
• Flurazepam (Dalmane)
• Lorazepam (Ativan)

• Benzodiazepines help treat many kinds of anxiety disorders, including panic disorder,generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Examples of these drugs include: alprazolam (Xanax) chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

  These medications can cause several side effects, such as:

• blurry vision.
• confusion.
• dizziness.
• drowsiness or fatigue.
• headaches.
• loss of memory or concentration.
• problems with balance, coordination, or speech.
• an upset stomach.

• 3. Antidepressents :- The major classes of antidepressant drugs include the tricyclic and related antidepressants, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the selective serotonin and norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
  The primary, or approved, uses of antidepressants are to treat:
  agitation.
  obsessive-compulsive disorders(OCD)
  childhood enuresis, or bedwetting.
  depression and major depressive disorder.
  generalized anxiety disorder.
  bipolar disorder.
  posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)
  social anxiety disorder.
  sertraline (Zoloft)
  fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem)
  citalopram (Celexa)
  escitalopram (Lexapro)
  paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva, Brisdelle)
  fluvoxamine (Luvox)
  Side effects are :-
  feeling agitated, shaky or anxious.
  feeling and being sick.
  indigestion and stomach aches.
  diarrhoea or constipation.
  loss of appetite.
  dizziness.

  4. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of medications that are effective in treating depression. SNRIs are also sometimes used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety disorders and long-term (chronic) pain, especially nerve pain. Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs that treat major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), social phobia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), chronic neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)

  SNRIs have also been found to safely and successfully treat anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

  The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved these SNRIs to treat depression:
  Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
  Duloxetine (Cymbalta) — also approved to treat anxiety and certain types of chronic pain.
  Levomilnacipran (Fetzima)
  Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) — also approved to treat certain anxiety disorders and panic disorder.

  The most common possible side effects of SNRIs include: Nausea. Dry mouth.
  Other possible side effects may include:
  Tiredness.
  Constipation.
  Insomnia.
  Changes in sexual function, such as reduced sexual desire, difficulty reaching orgasm or the inability to maintain an erection (erectile dysfunction)
  Loss of appetite

• 5. MAOIs :- Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (MAOIs) available at present can be classified into 3 types: (i) older, irreversible nonselective (first generation) agents such as phenelzine, tranylcypromine and isocarboxazid; (ii) irreversible, selective drugs (second generation) such as selegiline (deprenyl); and (iii) the new.

• MAOIs may be especially indicated in treatment-refractory panic disorderand social anxietydisorder. MAOIs also may have a role in the treatment of certain subtypes of OCD refractory to conventional treatment, such as patients with symmetry obsessions or associated panic attacks.
  The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved these MAOIs to treat depression:
  Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
  Phenelzine (Nardil)
  Selegiline (Emsam)
  Tranylcypromine (Parnate)
  The most common side effects of MAOIs include:
  Dry mouth.
  Nausea, diarrhea or constipation.
  Headache.
  Drowsiness.
  Insomnia.
  

• 6. Classifications Of Antimanic Agents :-
  The term mood stabilizer may also be used to describe an antimanic agent, although technically, antimanic agents are those mood stabilizers that only treat episodes of mania, not depression. Three mood stabilizers that are effective at treating both mania and depression are lamotrigine, lithium, and quetiapine.
  Antimanic agents help to calm episodes of mania in people with bipolar disorder, and they may be used in other conditions where people periodically display periods of great excitement or euphoria, delusions, or over-activity.
  Agents that are used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders. Lithium is used as a mood stabilizer, and is used for treatment of depression and mania. It is often used in bipolar disorder treatment.

  Side Effects:
  polyuria (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) (excessive urine production due to lithium-induced decreased in the sensitivity of renal collecting duct to ADH)
  polydipsia (excessive fluid intake due to thirst)
  diarrhea.
  nausea.
  weight gain.
  thyroid enlargement.
  tremor.
  mild ataxia.

  7. Stimulants, sometimes called “uppers,” temporarily increase alertness and energy. The most commonly used street drugs that fall into this category are cocaine and amphetamines.

  These medications are approved to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sleep-disorders such as narcolepsy and excessive sleepiness, obesity, and binge-eating disorder. However, all prescription stimulant medications have a potential for misuse and can produce adverse effects.
  Prescription stimulants come in tablets or capsules. When abused, they are swallowed, injected in liquid form or crushed and snorted.

  SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
  The short-term effects of stimulants include exhaustion, apathy and depression—the “down” that follows the “up.” It is this immediate and lasting exhaustion that quickly leads the stimulant user to want the drug again. Soon he is not trying to get “high,” he is only trying to get “well”—to feel any energy at all.

  LONG-TERM EFFECTS
  Stimulants can be addictive. Repeated high doses of some stimulants over a short period can lead to feelings of hostility or paranoia. Such doses may also result in dangerously high body temperatures and an irregular heartbeat.

  8. Anticholinergic drugs are classified into 3 groups: antimuscarinic drugs, antinicotinic drugs (neuromuscular blockers and ganglionic blockers), and cholinesterase regenerators. Antimuscarinic agents operate on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  Anticholinergics can treat a variety of conditions, including:
  urinary incontinence.
  overactive bladder (OAB)
  chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)
  certain types of poisoning.

  Peripheral Side Effects
  Typical symptoms include dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, bowel obstruction, dilated pupils, blurred vision, increased heart rate, and decreased sweating

• 9. According to the usage, the herbs are classified in four parts: Medicinal herbs, culinary herbs, Aromatic herbs, Ornamental herbs. Medicinal herbs have curative powers and are used in making medicines because of their healing properties.
  Guide to Common Medicinal Herbs
  Chamomile. (Flower) Considered by some to be a cure-all, chamomile is commonly used in the U.S. as ananxiolytic and sedative for anxiety and relaxation.
  Echinacea. (Leaf, stalk, root)
  Feverfew. (Leaf)
  Garlic. (Cloves, root)
  Ginger. (Root)
  Gingko. (Leaf)
  Ginseng. (Root)
  Goldenseal. (Root, rhizome)
  Drugs :- Lagundi (Vitex negundo),Yerba (Hierba ) Buena (Mentha cordifelia),Sambong (Blumea balsamifera),Tsaang Gubat (Carmona retusa),Niyug-niyogan (Quisqualis indica L.)
  Herbal medicines may produce negative effects such as allergic reactions, rashes, asthma, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea that can range from mild to severe. Like other prescription medications,herbal medicine should always be prescribed by a qualified and registered practitioner.

• 10.. Naturopathic Remedies :-
  Classifications :-
  Traditional alternative medicine. This field includes the more mainstream and accepted forms of therapy, such as acupuncture, homeopathy, and Oriental practices.
  Traditional alternative medicinemay include:
  Acupuncture.
  Ayurveda.
  Homeopathy.
  Naturopathy.
  Chinese or Oriental medicine.
  NDs treat most medical conditions. Among the most common ailments they treat are allergies, chronic pain, digestive issues, hormonal imbalances, obesity, respiratory conditions, heart disease, fertility problems, menopause, adrenal fatigue, cancer, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome.

  Naturopathy services may assist with prevalent health conditions including cardiovascular health, hormonal imbalance, fertility, menopause, digestion, immune system improvement, stress, sleep disorders, allergies and skin conditions, migraines, degenerative illness such as arthritis and also preventative health.
  Alternative medical systems,
  Mind-body interventions,
  Biologically based treatments,
  Manipulative and body-based methods, and.
  Energy therapies.
  A few naturopathic treatments have known side effects and risks: Supplements (vitamin and herbal): Some of these may interfere with prescription medications. In large doses, certain vitamins may raise your risk of a disease like cancer.