Question

Use this scenario to answer questions below.

The Collins Research Crew (CRC) is interested in examining the number of vape/smoking stores (i.e. stores that sell vaping and cigarette/cigar smoking products) in low-income neighborhoods compared to other types of neighborhoods. CRC's research question is, "Do low-income neighborhoods have more vape/smoke shops than other types of neighborhoods?" Low-income neighborhoods were defined as those where the median household income is less than the U.S. federal poverty line. Non-low-income neighborhoods are those that the median household income is greater than the U.S. federal poverty line.

CRC employed a team of undergraduate researchers to go out and count the number of vape/smoke shops in a random selection of low-income and non-low-income neighborhoods. They define the population as all neighborhoods in King County.

They found a significant difference in the number of vape/smoke shops across neighborhoods. Specifically, low-income neighborhoods had a greater number of vape/smoke shops compared to non-low-income neighborhoods.

Match the null hypothesis, directional hypothesis, and non-directional hypothesis with their most appropriate statement.

Null Hypothesis

      [ Choose ]           

There is a relationship between the average number of vape/smoke shops and neighborhood type..           

There is no relationship between the number of vape/smoke shops and neighborhood type.           

Low-income neighborhoods have more vape/smoke shops than non-low-income neighborhoods.average.      

Directional Hypothesis

      [ Choose ]           

There is a relationship between the average number of vape/smoke shops and neighborhood type..           

There is no relationship between the number of vape/smoke shops and neighborhood type.           

Low-income neighborhoods have more vape/smoke shops than non-low-income neighborhoods.average.      

Non-directional hypothesis

      [ Choose ]           

There is a relationship between the average number of vape/smoke shops and neighborhood type..           

There is no relationship between the number of vape/smoke shops and neighborhood type.           

Low-income neighborhoods have more vape/smoke shops than non-low-income neighborhoods.average.      

Given the research question asked in the scenario above, the best research hypothesis is a non-directional hypothesis.

True OR False

"Specifically, low-income neighborhoods had a greater number of vape/smoke shops compared to non-low-income neighborhoods." What is this sentence indicating?

A. Low-income people vape/smoke at higher levels than the average King County resident

B. Any difference is due to chance and not some systematic influence

C. Any difference is due to some systematic influence and not by chance

D. There is no difference in the number of vape/smoke shops

If CRC found a significant difference between neighborhoods at the significance level of p<.05, what does that indicate?

A.They are willing to accept the research hypothesis 5% of the time

B.There is a greater than 95% chance that observed differences occurred at random (i.e. were not explained by some systematic influence)

C. There is a less than 5% chance that observed differences occurred at random (i.e. were not explained by some systematic influence)

D. They are willing to reject the null hypothesis 90% of the time

Answer 1

The researchers claim to test is "Do low-income neighborhoods have more vape/smoke shops than other types of neighborhoods"

Null hypothesis: Null hypothesis is of no difference.

There is no relationship between the number of vape/smoke shops and neighborhood type.  

Directional hypothesis: Directional hypothesis have some direction either less of more.

The claim comes under the directional hypothesis.

Low-income neighborhoods have more vape/smoke shops than non-low-income neighborhoods.average.      

Non-directional hypothesis: Non-directional hypothesis have not specific direction, it is of type difference.

There is a relationship between the average number of vape/smoke shops and neighborhood type.

The research claim comes under the alternative that is a directional hypothesis.

Therefore, the statement best research hypothesis is a non-directional hypothesis is False.

The sentence "Specifically, low-income neighborhoods had a greater number of vape/smoke shops compared to non-low-income neighborhoods" indicates that Low-income people vape/smoke at higher levels than the average King County resident.

That is option A is correct.

If CRC found a significant difference between neighborhoods at the significance level of p<.05, that is P-value less than alpha, so reject the null hypothesis means in favor of an alternative that is a directional(research) hypothesis.

Option A is correct.

They are willing to accept the research hypothesis 5% of the time