Question

> All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are heterosporous, which produce two types of spores that develop into either male or female gametophytes. (True/False)

> A megaspore of seed plants develops into a pollen grain containing the male gametophyte. (True/False)

> In arbuscular mycorrhizae, fungal hyphae penetrate the cell wall but not the plasma membrane of the plant root cortex. (True/False)

> In vascular plants, phloem conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots. (True/False)

> Ascomycetes produce sexual spores in basidia contained in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps. (True/False)

Answer 1

Statement 1 and 3 are true but statement 2, 4 and 5 are false.

Please see the table below for detail explanation:

Statement Number	Statement	True / False	Reason
Statement 1	All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are heterosporous, which produce two types of spores that develop into either male or female gametophytes.	True	All angiosperms (seed plant) and gymnosperms (Seedless vascular plants) are heterosporous i.e., they produce different sizes of spores (male and female). Spores which are smaller are called as microspores (male) and give rise to male gametophyte (pollen grains) and bigger sized spores are mega spore (female) and give rise to female gametophyte.
Statement 2	A megaspore of seed plants develops into a pollen grain containing the male gametophyte	False	Heterosporous plants produces two sizes of spores: Megaspore and microspore, Megaspores are bigger in size and develops in to female gametophyte. While pollen grains (male gametophyte) develops from microspore.
Statement 3	In arbuscular mycorrhizae, fungal hyphae penetrate the cell wall but not the plasma membrane of the plant root cortex	True	Hyphal branches of arbuscular mycorrhizae penetrate the roots and reach up to cortex where they only penetrate the cell wall of cartical cells and differentiate in to highly branched structure called as arbuscules. During this invagination of arbusculus, plasma membrane do not repture.
Statement 4	In vascular plants, phloem conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots.	False	In vascular plants water conduction is done by Xylem and phloem is known for transport of food produced during photosynthesis to all non-photosynthetic cells of the plants.
Statement 5	Ascomycetes produce sexual spores in basidia contained in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.	False	Ascomycetes produce sexual spores in an enclosed sac ascus however basidiomycetes produces sexual spores in basidia contained in basidiocarps.