Question

imagine you have been reduced to the size of an enzyme and delivered via a capsule by mouth into 82-year old Mary to find out why she has a loss of appetite. The goal is for the capsule to begin dissolving in the upper GI tract and for you to use your ship to explore Mary’s GI system for signs of disease. In a 500-word paper, describe what you see as you move through the GI tract and be sure to explore each organ and any enzymes you come across. When you are eliminated via feces, you will bring your notes to the physician for diagnosis and treatment options.

Answer 1

Older adults has normal physiological change in every system s as they becomes advanced age. As She complaints of lack of appetite, plan to enter as a tiny capsule in her gastrointestinal system In order to investigate the causes for the lack of appetite.

      While entering the mouth, this elderly women Mary   has   loss of some of teeth, decrease in ptyalin secretion, decrease in taste buds in the tongue, decrease in saliva, decides to down the esophagus and took a note about reason of the decrease in food intake in the mouth. While entering in the esophagus, found that propulsive movement has been decreased in the esophagus as it slides slowly; because of decrease of tension of esophageal sphincter and strength of esophageal contraction. Also, there is a decrease in function of lower esophageal sphincter this causes her heart burn.

                After reaching the lower esophageal sphincter, plan to slide into stomach, found to have decrease in elasticity of stomach, decrease in hydrochloric acid, enzymes of the stomach such as pepsinogen, water for digesting the food. Because in the presence of hydrochloric acid pepsinogen converted to pepsin which helps to digests protein. As a result, this patient chances to have fullness of abdomen and indigestion as slowness in hydrochloric acid and Mary chances to have reduced absorption of nutrients such as iron, calcium, and vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor later mainly in the intetsine .

           After noting the stomach, plan to enter the small intestine. Small intestine has 3 parts, so plan to investigate each part separately. In the duodenum, it gets secretion from pancreas and gallbladder as it forms common pancreatic duct. Found to have that Pancreas normal level of enzymes such as amylase and lipase which enters the duodenum for digestion of acid chyme and Mary has a chance of low fat absorption in the duodenum. The secretion of pancreatic juice is depends upon the secretin and cholecystokinin In jejunum, acid chyme transport s slowly as there is decrease function of globet cells, loss of some villi cause movement slower. Al though the structural changes occur in gall bladder and pancreas, liver, Gall bladder and liver function normally but there is low absorption of fat causes gall bladder stone and common bile duct occurs. There is lactase level decrease causes lactase intolerance. Found to have excessive growth of bacteria causes abdominal pain, bloating of abdomen. Along with bacterial over growth causes the lower absorption of vitamin B12, Iron, calcium. After investing all these plan to enter the large intestine.

After entering large intestine that is first part of large intestine, note the caecum for any signs of problems. There is appendix which is normal as there is no problem found. It causes fever and tenderness as it becomes inflamed. Appendix has no digestive function, plan to enter the colon. Colon o has four parts namely, ascending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon. Found to have lack of water for digesting the contents as large absorption of water is taken place in the large intestine. It shows slower movement of contents from transverse colon to sigmoid colon. There are normal flora bacteria called E.coli, enterobacter aerogenes, streptococcus faecalis, clostridium perfringens. There is gas which may be entered while drinking water and food. It sometimes pass out while defecation. After investigating large intestine plan to enter the rectu

After entering rectu, found to have hard and dry contents of gastrointestinal system these may be due to lack of fiber intake, physical inactivity, inadequate fluid intake, intake of fat diet. Because of lack of fiber and fluid intake cause the less bowel movement and obstruction, constipation. Excessive fat intake causes constipation as it digest slowly.

Once come outside rectu, finalize the causes of lack of appetite are

1. Loss of teeth, taste buds changes, saliva decrease, decrease in ptyalin enzyme reduces the food preference and common diet consumption. there is periodental diseae, dry mouth affect food consumption.

2. Esophagus slower motility, decrease in esophageal sphincter causes heart burn and decrease sensation to have food

3. Stomach : change in the intrinsic factor, lack of reserve of food and hydrochloric acid, pepsin and chronic gastric atropies

4. Small intestine: lack of absorption of fat with reduction of pancreatic juice. Because this pancreatic juice such as amylase, lipase, nucleases, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen depends upon the secretin and cholecystokinin in the duodenum. Because of atrophy of gastro intestinal system tissue due to age causes changes in these digestive enzymes decrease.

5. Large intestine: there is change in movement of bowel contents such as atrophy of tissue and reduction of villi causes obstruction, constipation. It causes decrease in absorption of nutrients and excessive growth of bacteria also affects the absorption of nutrients. There is a lactase level causes lactase intolerance and there is a chance of diverculosis

6. Pancreas: there is changes in number of the secretary cells

7. Rectu: there is a chance of hemorrhoid as a results of hard and dry stool . these may affcet food consumption. constipation is result of physicla inactivity, use of laxatives, lack offiberintake, lack of fluid intake, lackof daily routeine.