Question

During the calvin cycle, the molecule that reacts with co2 to produce two molecules of 3PG is ?

a)glucose b)NADPH c)ribulose bisphosphate d)carotene e)pyruvate

Name three different lipid molecules and briefly state each one's biological function?

Name three pairs of bones that articulate with each other?

Draw structure of generic amino acid & represent major parts of an amino acid and how they are linked together

Answer 1

1) c. Ribulose bisphosphate

Calvin cycle is the light-independent dark reaction where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose. There are 3 steps involved in the Calvin cycle. They are carboxylation, reduction and regeneration. The first step involves a reaction between 3 molecules of co2 and 3 molecules of ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate to form 6 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate by the enzymatic action of the largest enzyme Rubisco.

2) Lipid molecules are biomolecules which are hydrophobic in nature. They are found in major parts of our biological system as different forms. They includes fat, oils, waxes, sterols, triglycerides etc..The three main types of lipids are triacylglycerols ,phospholipids, and sterols.

a) Triacylglycerols make up more than 95 percent of lipids in the diet and are commonly found in fried foods, vegetable oil, butter, whole milk, cheese, cream cheese, and some meats. We commonly call the triacylglycerols in our food “fats” and “oils.” Fats are lipids that are solid at room temperature, whereas oils are liquid. As with most fats, triacylglycerols do not dissolve in water.

b) Phospholipids make up only about 2 percent of dietary lipids. They are water-soluble and are found in both plants and animals. Phospholipids are crucial for building the protective barrier, or membrane, around your body’s cells. In fact, phospholipids are synthesized in the body to form cell and organelle membranes. In blood and body fluids, phospholipids form structures in which fat is enclosed and transported throughout the bloodstream.

c) Sterols are the least common type of lipid. Cholesterol is perhaps the best well-known sterol. Though cholesterol has a notorious reputation, the body gets only a small amount of its cholesterol through food—the body produces most of it. Cholesterol is an important component of the cell membrane and is required for the synthesis of sex hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts.

3) Articulating bones are simply a joint of bones. Some of them are,

a) Gliding articulation in carpal and tarsal bones.

b) Pivot articulation in radial ulnar joint.

c) Hinge articulation in elbow and phalanges.

4) Generic structure of amino acid includes an amino group, a carboxylic group, and a hydrogen atom in common attached to a carbon molecule. The amino acids differ with the type of side-chain attached to the main carbon.

Main components of amino acid include,

· A central carbon atom.

· A hydrogen atom.

· An amino acid group.

· A carboxyl group.

· R group or side chain.

How they are linked together?

Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds. A carboxylic group of one amino acid is linked to the amino group of the next amino acid and form peptide bond by releasing a water molecule.