Question


 
Please answer the following questions:


1-What is the difference between T lymphocyte cell and the Natural Killer cell?


2-Please write how humoral immunity and cellular immunity combat microorganisms? What is the difference of this action?


3-What is a Cytokine Storm?


4-What are CD8 cells?




5-What is the general prognosis for Infectious

Mononucleosis?


6-What does TORCH stand for?




7-What is a Prion infection?


8-Why still are not vaccines against Hepatitis C virus?


9-Which markers define specifically Chronic Hepatitis B?


10-Why Diphteria infectious disease is increasing its frequency in USA?


11-How is feasible to break down the Dengue virus chain of infection?


12-What are you currently doing not to be contaminated with the Coronavirus agent?

Answer 1

1.Both of them are cytotoxic immune cells that are capable of killing foreign pathogens and also cancer cells. However they belong to different systems within the immune system.

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system. They generally serves as a first line of defence against foreign pathogens. This include bacterial or virus particles or virus infected cells. NK cells are not specific in their immune response. In the sense that they recognise a wide variety of bacteria so any bacteria will activate them. This is good because when you spot an enemy, you kill, right? NK cells also have the ability to sense stressed cells ie) cells that are infected with a virus or are turning cancerous. They will seek them out and destroy them before they do any harm. Therefore, they serve as a role as the sentinels of the body.

For killer T cells, I would assume that you are talking about αβ CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. This is because there are many subset of T cells but the general killer T cells are of this type. These T cells belong to the adaptive immune system. They are highly specific ie) only hunt down 1 enemy, often disregarding the rest. Effects of the T cells kick in late, about 7 - 10 days into the infection or so due to the mechanism that educate them to be highly specific. Therefore, they are like special forces, hunting down only 1 enemy at the cost of everything. So thats the general difference.

But all in all, they both serve the same master/host and they offer protection to us. They can mount immune response and when done one after another, its relentless attack against the foreign pathogen often keeps us safe and alive.

2.The humoral immune response fights pathogens that are free in the bodily fluids, or “humours”. It relies on antigens (which are also often free in the humours) to detect these pathogens. An antigen is a biomolecule, such as a protein or sugar, that binds to a specific antibody.

Cellular immunity is a protective immune process that involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-sensitized cytotoxic T cells and the release of cytokines and chemokines in response to antigen

Difference between both : Humoral immunity secretes antibodies to fight against antigens, whereas cell-mediated immunitysecretes cytokines and no antibodies to attack the pathogens. The Humoral immunity is rapid or quick in their action against antigens, while the Cell-mediated immunity show delay though permanent action against any pathogens. The cell-mediated immune response is mediated by T-cells. The humoral immune response is mediated by antibodies (produced by B-cells). Antibodies are not formed in cell-mediated immune response.

3. An overreaction of the body’s immune system called a cytokine storm.

Cytokines are small proteins released by many different cells in the body, including those of the immune system here they coordinate the body’s response against infection and trigger inflammation . The name ‘cytokine’ is derived from the Greek words for cell (cyto) and movement (kinos).

4. CD8-positive T cells are a critical subpopulation of MHC class I-restricted T cell and are mediators of adaptive immunity.

5.With infectious mononucleosis from EBV, complete resolution of symptoms may take up to 2 months. Acute symptoms rarely last more than 4 months. EBV typically remains dormant throughout the patient's life. Reactivation of the virus is not usually symptomatic.

6.The full form of TORCH is toxoplasmosis, rubella cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and HIV. However, it can also contain other newborn infections. Sometimes the test is spelled TORCHS, where the extra "S" stands for syphilis.

7.A prion is a type of protein that can trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally.

8.Development of an effective vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV) has long been defined as a difficult challenge due to the considerable variability of this RNA virus and the observation that convalescent humans and chimpanzees could be re-infected after re-exposure. On the other hand, progress in the understanding of antiviral immune responses in patients with viral clearance has elucidated key mechanisms playing a role for control of viral infection. Studies investigating prophylactic vaccine approaches in chimpanzees have confirmed that the induction and maintenance of strong helper and cytotoxic T cell immune responses against multiple viral epitopes is necessary for protection against viral clearance and chronic infection. A multispecific B cell response resulting in rapid induction of cross-neutralizing antibodies may assist cellular responses. Therapeutic vaccination formulations currently evaluated in clinical phase are facing the fact that the immune system of chronic carriers is impaired and need the restoration of T cells functions to enhance their efficacy.

9.Serological markers for HBV infection consist of HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe, and anti-HBc IgM and IgG

10.Due to the success of the U.S. immunization program, diphtheria is now nearly unheard of in the United States. However, the disease continues to cause illness globally and there have been outbreaks reported in recent years

11.To break the chain :

a) Diagnosis and case management

b) inntegrated surveillance and outbreak preparedness

c) sustainable vector control

d) future vaccine implementation

e) Basic operational and implementation research

12. To prevent from coronavirus agent , I always wear surgical mask when going outsidr, keep a distance in public places, try not to go outside unnecessary and always carry sanitiser and apply sanitzer on inanimate objects.