Question

Short answer: 1-Describe several different types of mutualistic interactions that can occur among organisms, providing specific examples and the benefits I each organism gains from the interaction.

2- List, describe and give the purpose for three types of migrations from one habitat (environment) to another, and give examples of organisms that exhibit these types of migrations.

Answer 1

Interaction between organisms is essential to live comfortably in an area. Plants being autotrophs they depend on other organisms for nutrients and pollination. So it is obvious that each and every organisms in one or other way depends on other organisms.

Following are some types of interactions between different organisms-

-Mutualism

- Commensalism

- amensalism

- predation

- parasitism

MUTUALISM

Is a type of positive interaction in which both the organisms involved in the interaction get benefitted

Ex. 1. Lichen. It is the best example for Mutualism because two different organisms involved in the interaction and both are get benefitted.

Lichen is a associated organism of fungi and algae. Fungi provides the nutrients to algae in turn algae provides the glucose (as a food) to the fungi.

Example 2- Fig and wasp. Fig tree inflorescence act as ovipositor to lay the eggs of wasp. In turn, wasp pollinated the fig flowers.

Example 3 - Insects and plants. Insects get the food in the form of nector. Plants get the benefit in the form of pollination.

Example 4- Birds and trees. Birds eat the fruits as their food provided by tree. In turn, tree got the benefit of seed dispersion.

Example 5- Crocodile bird and crocodile. Crocodile bird cleans the mouth of crocodile by eating the leftovers between tooth. Bird got the food and crocodile get the benefit of cleaning.

Example 6. Plant root and mycorrhizal fungi. Plant root provides the host and food to fungi. At the same time fungi provides the nutrients (especially phosphorus) to the root. So both are get benefitted.

2. Migration is the physical movement of animal from one area to other or from one habitat to other habitat.

Migration are of three types-

1. Daily migration or Diurnal migration

2. Seasonal migration

3. Reverse migration

DAILY MIGRATION

It is a kind of migration exhibited by most of the organisms on daily basis for their food. And it depends on light. In the presence of light, organisms are active and start migration in search of food. And returns back to their habit during night.

Ex. All birds showed daily migration

2. SEASONAL MIGRATION

Seasonal migration is exhibited by many animals and birds. This migration is depends on the environmental conditions changed accordingly with seasons. If the environmental condition is non tolerable for example winter birds and animals leave that unhospitable area and migrates to the hospitable area. Seasonal migration is for escape adverse environmental condition and for reproduction.

Ex. Siberian cranes migrated from Siberia during winter to India.

3. REVERSE MIGRATION

It is a type of migration where, organisms migrated to escape adverse environmental condition reverted to their original habitat when the environmental conditions are hospitable.

Ex. Siberian cranes returned to Siberia is a reverse migration.